Chapter 11：The End of the Mao Era?

1. Roderick MacFarquhar, “The Succession to Mao and the End of Maoism, 1969–1982,” ?in ?Roderick ?MacFarquhar, ?ed., ?The ?Politics ?of ?China：?The ?Eras ?of Mao and Deng, 2nd ed. (Cambridge：Cambridge University Press, 1997), 278–81, 299–301. In quest of finding a successor among China's “pure” young generation, Mao ?elevated ?the ?thirty-seven-year-old Wang ?Hongwen, ?previously ?distinguished only ?as ?a ?provincial-level ?leftist ?organizer, ?to ?the ?third-ranking ?position ?in ?the Communist ?Party ?hierarchy. ?His ?meteoric ?rise ?baffled ?many ?observers. ?Closely aligned with Jiang Qing, Wang never achieved an independent political identity or authority commensurate with his formal position. He fell with the rest of the Gang of Four in October 1976.

2. This comparison is elaborated, among other places, in David Shambaugh, “Introduction：Assessing ?Deng ?Xiaoping's ?Legacy” ?and ?Lucian ?W. ?Pye, ?“An Introductory ?Profile：?Deng ?Xiaoping ?and ?China's ?Political ?Culture,” ?in ?David Shambaugh, ?ed., ?Deng ?Xiaoping：?Portrait ?of ?a ?Chinese ?Statesman ?(Oxford：Clarendon Press, 2006), 1–2, 14.

3. “Memorandum of Conversation：Beijing, November 14, 1973, 7：35–8：25 a.m.,” ?in ?David ?P. ?Nickles, ?ed., Foreign ?Relations ?of ?the ?United ?States ?(FRUS), 1969–1976 , ?vol. ?18, ?China ?1973–1976 ?(Washington, ?D.C.：?U.S. ?Government Printing Office, 2007), 430.

4. ?“Memorandum ?from ?Richard ?H. ?Solomon ?of ?the ?National ?Security Council ?Staff ?to ?Secretary ?of ?State ?Kissinger, ?Washington, ?January ?25, ?1974,” FRUS ?18, 455.

5. ?Kuisong Yang ?and Yafeng ?Xia, ?“Vacillating ?Between ?Revolution ?and Détente：?Mao's ?Changing ?Psyche ?and ?Policy Toward ?the ?United ?States, ?1969–

1976,” Diplomatic ?History ?34, ?no. ?2 ?(April ?2010)：?414. The ?proceedings ?of ?this meeting have not been published. The quotation draws on an unpublished memoir by the senior Chinese diplomat Wang Youping, who was privy to Foreign Minister Qiao Guanhua's summary of the Politburo meeting.

6. Chou Enlai, “Report on the Work of the Government：January 13, 1975,” Peking Review ?4 (January 24, 1975), 21–23.

7. Ibid, 23.

8. “Speech by Chairman of the Delegation of the People's Republic of China, Teng Hsiao-Ping, at the Special Session of the U.N. General Assembly：April 10, 1974” (Peking：Foreign Languages Press, 1974).

9. Ibid., 5.

10. Ibid., 6.

11. Ibid., 8.

12. ?“Memorandum ?of ?Conversation：?Beijing, ?October ?21, ?1975, ?6：25–8：05 p.m.,” ?FRUS 18, 788–89.

13. Ibid., 788.

14. Ibid., 789.

15. Ibid., 793.

16. Ibid. In 1940, Britain withdrew its expeditionary force after the Battle of France.

17. Ibid., 794.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 791.

20. Ibid., 792.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid., 790.

23. Ibid., 791.

24. Ibid.

25. “Memorandum of Conversation：Beijing, October 25, 1975, 9：30 a.m.,” FRUS 18, 832.

26. Ibid.

27. ?“Paper ?Prepared ?by ?the ?Director ?of ?Policy ?Planning ?Staff ?(Lord), Washington, undated,” FRUS ?18, 831.

28. “Memorandum of Conversation：Beijing, December 2, 1975, ?4：10–6：00 p.m.,” FRUS 18, 858.

29. Ibid., 859.

30. A companion of Mao's in Yan’an during the civil war; a former general, now ambassador in Washington.

31. Wang Hairong and Nancy Tang.

32. Qiao Guanhua, Foreign Minister.

33. “Memorandum of Conversation：Beijing, December 2, 1975, 4：10–6：00 p.m.,” FRUS 18, 859.

34. Ibid., 867.

35. ?Some ?of ?the ?texts ?leveled ?harsh ?criticism ?against ?the ?excesses ?of ?Qin Shihuang and the Tang Dynasty Empress Wu Zetian, rhetorical stand-ins for Mao and Jiang Qing respectively.

36. ?See ?Henry ?Kissinger, ?Years ?of ?Renewal ?(New York：?Simon ?& ?Schuster, 1999), 897.