注释
前言
1 Avishai Margalit,The Ethics of Memory.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2002.
2 Gillian Gaynair and Warren Fiske,“Lawmakers Express‘Profound Regret’for Slavery”(February 25,2007),http://content.hamptonroads.com,访问时间:2007年3月20日。
3 Jeffrey C.Alexander,“On the Social Construction of Moral Universals:The Holocaust from War Crime to Trauma Drama.”In Jeffery C.Alexander,et al.,Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,2004,p. 258.
4 Elie Wiesel,“The Holocaust as Literary Inspiration.”In Dimensions of the Holocaust:Lectures at Northwestern University.Evanston,Ill.:Northwestern University Press,1977,p. 9.
5 Elie Wiesel,“Why I Write?”In E. Wiesel,From the Kingdom of Memory. New York:Summit Books,1990,p. 21.
6 James E.Young,ed.,The Art of Memory:Holocaust Memory in History.New York:Prestel,1994,pp. 89.
7 Caroline Wiedmer,The Claims of Memory:Representations of Holocaust in Contemporary Germany and France. Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1999,p. 5.
8 Jonathan Lear,“Anger Management:Don’t Let Your Moral Emotions Get the Better of You,a Philosopher Says.”(Book Review).The New York Times Book Review,108∶6(Feb 9,2003),p. 22.
9 Hannah Arendt,“The Moral of History.”The Jew as Pariah.New York:Grove Press,1978,p. 109.
以骄傲的反抗积极生活:阿伦特和存在主义
1 William Barrett,The Truants:Adventures among the Intellectuals.Garden City,New York:Anchor Press,1982,p. 103.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.,p. 104.
4 Ibid.,p. 102.
5 Ibid.,p. 100.
6 Ibid.,p. 101.
7 Hannah Arendt,“What is Extenz Philosophy.”Partisan Review XVIII/I,1946.Quotes are from “What is Existential Philosophy.”In Hannah Arendt,Essays in Understanding:19301954. New York:Harcourt Brace,1994,p. 171.
8 Ibid.,p. 172.
9 Ibid.,p. 167.
10 Ibid.,p. 179.
11 Ibid.,p. 186.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.,p. 183.
14 Ibid.,pp. 175176.
15 Hannah Arendt,“French Existentialism.”The Nation,162,February 23,1946. Quotes are from,Hannah Arendt,Essays in Understanding,p. 189.
16 Ibid.,p. 192.
17 Ibid.
18 George Cotkin,Existential America. Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2003,p. 135.
19 Alfred Kazin,New York Jew.New York:Alfred A. Knopt,1978,p. 195.
20 Irving Howe,A Margin of Hope:An Intellectual Autobiography. San Diego:Harcourt,Brace,Jovanovich,1982,p. 270.
21 Marhorie Grene,Dreadful Freedom. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1948,p. 14.
22 Ibid.,p. 27.
23 Ibid.,p. 29.
24 Ibid.,p. 69.
25 See,for example,Ralph Harper,Existentialists:A Theory of Man. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1948. Helmut Kuhn,Encounter with Nothingness:An Essay on Existentialism. Hinsdale,Ill:Henry Regnery,1949. James Collins,The Existentialists:A Critical Study. Chicago:Henry Regnery,1952. Kurt F.Reinhardt.The Existentialist Revolt. New York:Frederic Ungar,1952. Roger L.Shinn,The Existentialist Posture:A Christian Look at Its Meaning,Impact,Values,Dangers. New York:Association Press,1959.
26 Ann Fulton,Apostles of Sartre:Existentialism in America,19451963. Evanston:Northwestern University Press,1999,pp. 4882.
27 John Wild,The Challenge of Existentialism. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1955,p. 10.
28 Ibid.,p. 25.
29 William Barrett,Irrational Man:A Study in Existential Philosophy. Garden City:New York:Doubleday,1958.
30 William Barrett,The Truants:Adventures among the Intellectuals.Garden City,New York:Anchor Press,1982,p. 104.
31 Walter Kaufmann,Existentialism:From Dostoevsky to Sartre. Cleveland:Meridian Book,1956. 这部文集于1987年翻译成中文《存在主义:从陀思妥耶夫斯基到萨特》,由商务印书馆出版。
32 Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York:Harcourt,Brace & Co.,1951.Second enlarged edition:New York:World Publishing Co.,1958. Third edition. with new preface:New York:Harcourt,Brace & World,1966,1968,1973.
33 Elisabeth YoungBruehl,Hannah Arendt:For Love of the World. New Haven:Yale University Press,1982,p. 211.
34 Ibid.,pp. 184185.
35 Phillip Hansen,Hannah Arendt:Politics,History and Citizenship. Stanford,C.A.:Stanford University Press,1993,p. 129.
36 Margaret Canovan,The Political Thoughts of Hannah Arendt. London:J.M. Dent and Sons,1974,p. 47.
37 Phillip Hansen,Hannah Arendt:Politics,History and Citizenship. Stanford,C.A.:Stanford University Press,1993,p. 133.
38 Robert C. Pirro,Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Tragedy. DeKalb:Northern Illinois University Press,2001,p. 8.
39 Hannah Arendt,“On Hannah Arendt.”In Melvyn A. Hill,ed.,Hannah Arendt:The Recovery of the Public World. New York:St Martin’s Press,1979,p. 308.
往事和争议:《艾希曼在耶路撒冷》
1 David BenGurion,“The Eichmann Case as Seen by BenGurion.”New York Times Magazine. December 18,1960,p. 7.
2 Hannah Arendt,Eichmann in Jerusalem. New York:Viking 1965,p. 294.
3 Arendt to Jaspers,in Hannah Arendt and Karl Jaspers,Correspondence:19261969,eds.,by Lotte Kohler and Hans Saner. New York:Harcourt Brace,1992,p. 423.
4 Ibid.,p. 417.
5 Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism.New York:Harcourt,Brace,Jovanovich,1973,p. iii.
6 葛鲁恩瓦特(Malchiel Gruenwald)和卡兹纳(Rudolf Kastner)的往事,分别见http://en.wikipedia.org/Malchiel_Gruenwald和http://en.wikipedia.org/Rudolf_Kastner。
7 Hannah Arendt,Eichmann in Jerusalem. New York:Viking,1965,p. 199.
8 Ibid.,p. 117.
9 Ibid.,p. 119.
10 Ibid.,p. 118.
11 Gideon Hausner,Justice in Jerusalem. New York:Harper & Row,1966,p. 341.
12 Quoted from Leora Bilsky,“Between Justice and Politics:The Competition of Storytellers in the Eichmann Trial.”In Steven E.Aschheim,ed.,Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem. Berkeley,C.A.:University of California Press,2001,p. 234.
13 Hannah Arendt,Eichmann in Jerusalem. New York:Viking 1965,p. 124.
14 Ibid.,p. 124.
15 Ibid.,pp. 120124.
16 Ibid.,p. 117.
17 Hannah Arendt,“Truth and Politics.”In Between Past and Future. New York:Penguin Books,p. 253.
18 Robert Weltsch,“Could German Jews Have Helped Themselves?”The Jewish Chronicle. October 18,1963,p. 7.
19 Hannah Arendt,Eichmann in Jerusalem. New York:Viking 1965,p. 118.
20 Hans Mommsen “Hannah Arendt’s Interpretation of the Holocaust as a Challenge to Human Existence:The I Intellectual Background.”In Steven E.Aschheim,ed.,Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem,p. 226.
21 Hannah Arendt,Eichmann in Jerusalem. New York:Viking 1965,p. 287.
22 Margret Canovan,Hannah Arendt:A Reinterpretation of Her Political Thought. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,p. 24,no.30.
23 Robert Lowell,“Letter to the Editor.”New York Times Book Review,June 23,1963,p. 4.
24 Yaacov Lozowick,“Malicious Clerks:The Nazi Security Police and the Banality of Evil.”In Steven E. Aschheim,ed.,Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem,p. 217.
25 Ibid.,p. 218.
26 Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York:Harcourt,Brace,Jovanovich,1973,p. 397.
27 Letter from Arendt to Mary McCarthy,September 10,1963,in Hannah Arendt and Mary McCarthy,Im Vertrauen:Briefwechsel 19491975,edited by Carol Brightman. Munich,1995,p. 234.
28 Quoted from Richard I. Cohen,“A Generation’s Response to Eichmann in Jerusalem.”In Steven E. Aschheim,ed.,Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem,p. 274.
抗恶的防线:阿伦特论“思想”和“判断”
1 萨弗朗斯基:《恶:或者自由的戏剧》,卫茂平译,云南人民出版社2001年版,第1页。
2 Hannah Arendt,The Life of the Mind. Vol. 1. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovice,1977,p. 191.
3 Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1973 [1951],p. 469.
4 Hannah Arendt,“Truth and Politics.”In Between Past and Future. New York:Penguine Books,1977,p. 241.
5 Hannah Arendt,The Life of the Mind.Vol. 1. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovice,1977,pp. 471472.
6 Ibid.,p. 5.
7 Ibid.,p. 6.
8 Hannah Arendt,The Jew as Pariah. Edited and with an Introduction by Ron H. Feldman. New York:Crove Press,1978,p. 83.
9 Hannah Arendt,Men in Dark Times. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1968,p. 9.
10 Ibid.,p. 10.
11 Ibid.,pp. 205206.
12 Hannah Arendt,“Preface:The Gap between Past and Future.”In Between Past and Future,p. 7.
13 Ibid.,p. 14.
14 Ibid.,p. 13.
15 Ibid.,p. 14.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Hannah Arendt,The Life of the Mind. Vol.1. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovice,1977,pp. 185186.
19 Hannah Arendt,“Philosophy and Politics.”Social Research 57∶1 (Spring 1990):73103,pp. 8486;89.
20 George Orwell,1984,San Diego:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1984,pp. 47,46.
21 Hannah Arendt,“Thinking and Moral Considerations.”Social Research 38 (Autumn 1971):417446,pp. 422;446.
22 Vaclav Havel,“The Power of the Powerless.”In Open Letters:Selected Writings 19651990. New York:Knopf,1991.
23 Hannah Arendt,“Thinking and Moral Considerations.”Social Research 38 (Autumn 1971):417446,pp. 422;446.
24 Hannah Arendt,The Human Condition.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1958,p. 325.
25 Arendt,The Life of the Mind.Vol. 1. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovice,1977,p. 191.
26 Ibid.,pp. 192193.
27 Hannah Arendt,“Thinking and Moral Considerations.”Social Research 38(Autumn 1971):417446,p. 446.
28 Ibid.,p. 448.
29 Hannah Arendt,“The Crisis in Culture,”“Truth and Politics.”In Between Past and Future.
30 Dana R. Villa,Politics,Philosophy,Terror:Essays on the Thought of Hannah Arendt. Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1999,p. 89.
31 Hannah Arendt,“Thinking and Moral Considerations.”Social Research 38(Autumn 1971):417446,p. 445.
32 Ibid.,p. 446.
33 Dana R. Viaal,Politics,Philosophy,Terror:Essays on the Thought of Hannah Arendt. Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1999,p. 100.
34 Hannah Arendt,“Truth and Politics.”In Between Past and Future. New York:Penguine Books,1977,p. 241.
35 Richard J. Bernstein,“Judging The Actor and the Spectator.”In Philosophical Profiles. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1986,p. 228.
36 Immanuel Kant,cited by Hannah Arendt,Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1982,pp. 4243.
37 Hannah Arendt,“The Crisis in Culture.”In Between Past and Future,pp. 221222.
38 Ibid.,pp. 221223.
39 菲利普·汉森:《历史、政治与公民权》,刘佳林译,江苏人民出版社2004年版,第292、276—277页。
公民政治和文学的阿伦特
1 Judith Shklar,“Hannah Arendt’s Triumph.”New Republic,December 27,(1975):89,p. 8.
2 Hannah Arendt and Karl Jaspers,Correspondence 19261969.New York:Harcourt Brace,1992,p. 31.
3 Karl Jaspers,Tragedy Is not Enough. Trans. H. Reiche,H. Moore,and K. Deutsch. Hamden,C.N.:Archon,[1952]1968,p. 36.
4 Ibid.,pp. 6061.
5 Hannah Arendt,On Revolution. New York:Penguin,[1963]1979,p. 281.
6 Ibid.
7 Hannah Arendt,The Human Condition. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1958,pp. 3233.
8 Ibid.,p. 197.
9 Hannah Arendt,“What is Authority.”In Between Past and Future. New York:Penguine Books,1977,p. 141.
10 Hannah Arendt,The Human Condition.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1958,p. 198.
11 Julia Kristeva,Hannah Arendt:Life Is a Narrative. Trans. Frank Collins. Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2000,p. 14.
12 Ibid.,p. 16.
13 Hannah Arendt,The Human Condition.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1958,p. 186n.
14 Julia Kristeva,Hannah Arendt:Life Is a Narrative. Trans. Frank Collins. Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2000,p. 16.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.,p. 17.
17 Hannah Arendt,The Human Condition. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1958,p. 191.
18 Ibid.,p. 189.
19 Ibid.,pp. 131132.
20 Ibid.,p. 184.
21 Hannah Arendt,On Revelution,pp. 2829.
22 Hannah Arendt,“Isak Dinesen.”In Men in Dark Times. New York:Harcourt Brace & World,1968,p. 105.
23 Hannah Arendt,“Truth and Politics.”In Between Past and Future,p. 262.
24 Julia Kristeva,Hannah Arendt:Life Is a Narrative. Trans. Frank Collins. Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2000,p. 33.
25 Ibid.,pp. 3437. Kristeva的引文出处分别为,Marcel Proust,“Cities of the Plain,”Part 2,Chapter 3,in Rememberance of Things Past,quoted in Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism,Part 1,“Antisemitism,”p. 84. The Origins of Totalitarianism,Part 1,“Antisemitism,”pp. 8384.“Les Juifs dans le monde d’hier.”In La Tradition cache:Le Juif comme paria. Paris:C. Bourgois,1987,pp. 95100. Hannah Arendt,Rahel Varnhagen:The Life of a Jewish Woman. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovice,1958.
26 David Luben,“Explaining Dark Times:Hannah Arendt’s Theory of Theory.”In Hannah Arendt:Critical Essays. Eds.,Lewis Hinchman and Sandra Hinchman. Albany:State University of New York Press,1994,p. 98.
27 Karl Jaspers,Tragedy Is not Enough. Trans. H. Reiche,H. Moore,and K. Deutsch. Hamden C.N.:Archon,[1952]1968,p. 29.
28 See Karen Hermassi,Theatre and Polity in Historical Perspective. Berkeley,C.A.:University of California Press,1977,pp. 200201.
29 See Moses I. Finley,Politics in the Ancient World. Cambridge University Press,1983.
30 Robert C. Pirro,Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Tragedy. DeKalb:Northern Illinois University Press,2001,p. 177.
31 Ibid.,p. 21.
32 Lisa Disch,Hannah Arendt and the Limits of Philosophy. Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1994,pp. 11112.
33 Ronald Beiner,“Interpretive Essay:Hannah Arendt on Judging.”In Hannah Arendt:Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy. Edited by Ronald Beiner. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,p. 154.
34 Seyla Benhabib,“Hannah Arendt and the Redemptive Power of Narrative.”In Hannah Arendt:Critical Essays. Eds.,Lewis Hinchman and Sandra Hinchman. Albany:State University of New York Press,1994,p. 125.
35 Ibid.,p. 131.
36 Alfred Kazin,“Woman in Dark Times.”New York Review of Books,June 24,1982.
公共视野中的“革命”和“政治自由”
1 Hannah Arendt,“Isak Dinesen.”In Men in Dark Times. New York:Harcourt Brace & World,1968,p. 105.
2 因为《论革命》是用英文写的,雅斯贝尔斯开始以为会很难读,“但是一读起来,兴致越来越高,就像不是用英文写的一样”。雅斯贝尔斯觉得《论革命》比《极权主义的起源》写得还要好,至少也是不相上下,“你所表述的那个专一的思想强有力地推动我不断读下去”。这个“专一的思想”就是与人的存在自由合为一体的政治自由。雅斯贝尔斯提到了阿伦特1958年论及匈牙利革命的文章《极权帝国主义》(雅斯贝尔斯称之为“你的匈牙利文章”)。他先前对这篇文章并不太赞同,但是读着《论革命》,看出了这二者间的联系。Hannah Arendt and Karl Jaspers,Correspondence:19261969. New York:Harcourt Brace,1992,pp. 504505.
3 Hannah Arendt,“Totalitarian Imperialism.”Journal of Politics 20 (1958),p. 5.
4 Hannah Arendt,The Human Condition,p. 5.
5 Hannah Arendt,“What is Authority?”In Between Past and Future,New York:Penguin Books,1977,p. 140.
6 Hannah Arendt,On Revolution. New York:Penguin [1963],1979,p. 189.
7 Ibid.,p. 197.
8 Ibid.,p. 192.
9 Ibid.,p. 212.
10 Ibid.,p. 180.
11 菲利普·汉森:《历史、政治与公民权》,刘佳林译,江苏人民出版社2004年版,第245页。
12 Hannah Arendt,On Revolution. New York:Penguin [1963],1979,p. 60.
13 菲利普·汉森:《历史、政治与公民权》,第246页。
14 Quoted from Elisabeth YoungBruehl,Hannah Arendt:For Love of the World. New Haven,CN:Yale University Press,1982,p. 399.
15 Hannah Arendt,“Rosa Luxemburg:18711919.”In Men in Dark Times. New York:Harcourt Brace & World,1968,p. 43.
16 Ibid.,pp. 5354.
17 Ibid.,p. 51.
18 Haden V. White,Tropics of Discourse:Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1978,p. 70.
站在极权道德废墟上的雅斯贝尔斯
1 Karl Jaspers,Von der Wahrheit. Munich:Piper,1947,p. 115.
2 Ibid.,p. 578.
3 G. W. E. Hegel,Phanomenologie des Geistes in Werke.Eds Eva Moldenhauer and Karl Markus Michel,vol. III,pp. 25,478.
4 Karl Jaspers,Von der Wahrheit. Munich:Piper,1947,p. 582.
5 Ibid.,p. 582.
6 Ibid.,pp. 808809.
7 Charles VillaVicencio,“The Burden of Moral Guilt:Its Theological and Political Implications. (Nazism and Apartheid).”Journal of Church and State,Spring 1997,39(2),pp. 237252.
8 Karl Jaspers,The Question of German Guilt. Trans. E. B. Ashton. New York:Capricorn Books,1947,p. 31.
9 Ibid.,p. 62.
10 Ibid.,p. 63.
11 Ibid.,p. 73.
12 Ibid.,p. 102.
13 Ibid.,p. 75.
14 Ibid.,p. 76.
15 Hannah Arendt,“Organized Guilt and Universal Responsibility.”In Jerome Kohn ed.,Essays in Understanding:19351945. New York:Harcourt Brace & Company,1994,p. 124.
16 Karl Jaspers,The Question of German Guilt,p. 77.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.,p. 78.
19 Ibid.,p. 79.
20 Ibid.,p. 120.
21 Karl Jaspers,“Geleitwort fur die Zeitschrift Die Wandlung.”In Lebensfragen der deutschen Politik. Munich:DTV,1963,pp. 2325.
22 Karl Jaspers,“Volk und Universitat.”In Lebensfragen der deutschen Politik,pp. 126138,133.
23 Karl Jaspers,“Erneuerung der Universitat.”In Lebensfragen der deutschen Politik,p. 32.
24 Ibid.,p. 34.
25 Karl Jaspers,“Volk und Universitat.”p. 131.
26 Ibid.,p. 132.
27 Ibid.,p. 136
28 Ibid.,p. 129.
29 Ibid.
30 Karl Jaspers,Die Schuldfrage. Munich:Piper,1965,p. 82.
31 Karl Jaspers,The Atom Bomb and the Future of Man. Trans.,E. B. Ashton. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1961,pp. 311312.
32 Hannah Arendt,“What is Existential Philosophy?”In Jerome Kohn ed.,Essays in Understanding:19351945. New York:Harcourt Brace & Company,1994,pp. 182186.
33 Hannah Arendt,The Human Condition. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1958,p. 24.
34 Jurgen Habermas,The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere:An Inquiry into a Gategory of Bourgeois Society. Tans. Thomas Burger. Cambridge,M.A.:MIT Press,1989.
35 Karl Jaspers,Freiheit und Wiedervereinigung. Munich:Piper,1990,p. 78.
36 Dolf Sternberger,“Jaspers und der Staat,”In Hans Saner,ed.,Karl Jaspers in der Diskussion. Munich:Piper,1973,pp. 421423.
37 Karl Jaspers,Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte. Frankfurt a. M.:Fischer,1955,p. 160.
38 Karl Jaspers,Freiheit und Wiedervereinigung,p. 62.
39 Ibid.,p. 104.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid.,p. 58.
42 Karl Jasper,Wohin treibt die Bundesrepublik?Munich:Piper,1966,p. 67.
43 Dolf Sternberger,Lebende Verfassung. Studien uber Koalition und Opposition. Mensenheim am Glan:Anton Hain,1956,p. 23.
44 Karl Jaspers,The Atom Bomb and the Future of Man. Trans.,E. B. Ashton. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1961,p. 312.
45 Ibid.,pp. 303304.
46 Ibid.,pp. ,307308.
47 Ibid.,p. 316.
48 Ibid.,p. 312.
49 Hannah Arendt,“Karl Jaspers:A Landatio.”In Hannah Arendt,Men in Dark Times. New York:Harcourt,Brace & World,1968,p. 76.
奥斯维辛审判中的罪与罚
1 Rebecca Wittmann,Beyond Justice:the Auschwitz Trial. Harvard University Press,2005.
2 Robert Fulford,“How the Auschwitz Trial Failed. ”National Post,June 4,2005. Retrieved 20130717.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Devin O. Pendas,The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial,19631965:Genocide,History,and the Limits of the Law. Cambridge University Press,2006. Natan Sznaider,“Law,Not Justice:The Criminalization of the Holocaust.”HGenocide,March,2007.
7 John Crossland,“Churchill:Execute Hitler without Trial.”The Sunday Times. 1 January 2006.
世界公民和理性破碎的世界:雅斯贝尔斯的普世主义信念
1 Karl Jaspers,“Philosophical Memoir.”In Philosophy and the World. Trans. B. B. Ashton. Chicago:Henry Regnery,1963,pp. 277,302.
2 Karl Jaspers. “Kant’s Perpetual Peace.”In Philosophy and the World,pp. 116117.
3 Karl Jaspers,“Philosophical Memoir.”In Philosophy and the World. Trans. B. B. Ashton. Chicago:Henry Regnery,1963,p. 274.
4 Immanuel Kant,“Perpetual Peace.”In Hans Reiss,ed.,Kant:Political Writings,2nd enlarged edition. Tans. H. B. Nisbet. Cambridge:Cambridge University press,1991,pp. 9899.
5 Karl Jaspers,The Question of German Guilt. Trans. E. B. Ashton. New York:Capricorn Books,1947. Karl Jaspers,The Idea of the University. Ed.,Karl Deutsch. London:Peter Owen,1960. Karl Jaspers,The Atom Bomb and the Future of Man. Trans.,E. B. Ashton. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1961.
6 Karl Jaspers,The Future of Germany. Trans.E.B.Ashton.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1967,pp. 108117.
7 Hannah Arendt,“Karl Jaspers:Citizen of the World.”In Men in Dark Times. New York:Harcourt,Brace & World,1968,p. 84. Hans Saner,“Jaspers’Idee einer Kommenden Weltphilosophie.”In Rudolf Lengert,ed.,Philosophic der Freiheit. Oldenburg:Heinz Hillsburgh Verlag,1969,p. 53. Heiner Bielefeldt,Kampf und Entscheidung:Politischer Existentialismus bei Carl Schmitt,Helmuth Plessner und Karl Jaspers. Wurzburg:Konigshausen und Neumanz,1994,pp. 126127.
8 Karl Jaspers,“Philosophical Memoir.”In Philosophy and the World. Trans. B. B. Ashton. Chicago:Henry Regnery,1963,pp. 297298.
9 Hans Saner,“Jaspers’Idee einer Kommenden Weltphilosophie,”pp. 49,55.
10 Karl Jaspers,The Question of German Guilt,p. 32.
11 Ibid.,p. 32.
12 Karl Jaspers,Schicksal und Wille. Autobiographische Schriften. Ed. Hans Saner,Munich:Piper 1967,p. 160.
13 Ian Kershaw,Hitler 19391945:Nemesis. New York:W. W. Norton,2000,p. 839.
14 Suzanne Kirkbright,Karl Jaspers:A Biography,Navigationgs in Truth. Yale University Press,2004,p. 142.
15 Karl Jaspers,Schicksal und Wille,p. 162.
16 Suzanne Kirkbright,Karl Jaspers,p. 142.
17 Ibid.,p. 143.
18 Quoted by Suzanne Kirkbright,Karl Jaspers,p. 150.
19 Ibid.,p. 151.
20 Karl Jaspers to Martin Heidegger,Heidelberg,23 August 1933,in Richard Wisser and Leonard H. Ehrlich,eds.,trans. by Edith Ehrlich,Karl Jaspers. Philosopher among Philosophers. Atlanta,G.A.:Rodophi,1993,p. 335.
21 Quoted from Susanne Kirkbright,Kal Jaspers,p. 166.
22 Ibid.,p. 189.
23 Karl Jaspers,The Question of German Guilt,p. 82. 雅斯贝尔斯回忆他在1919年1月与韦伯(Max Weber)的一次谈话。雅斯贝尔斯问韦伯,如果德国共产党上台,你会怎么办。韦伯答道,“这我就不再感兴趣了。”雅斯贝尔斯就此写道:“对残忍权力的现实……个人无能为力。这种认识与德国的现实是吻合的,德国无法(使)自己从纳粹得到解放,而只能依靠外来解放——极权统治是无法从内部打败的,血腥造反只会转变为另一种极权。”Karl Jaspers,“Philosophical Memoir,”p. 260.
24 Karl Jaspers,The Question of German Guilt,p. 54.
25 Ibid.,p. 71.
26 Quoted by Suzanne Kirkbright,Karl Jaspers,p. 197.
27 Karl Jaspers,The Question of German Guilt,p. 33.
28 Quoted from Suzanne Kirkbright,p. 191. 雅斯贝尔斯在《哲学回忆》中说,那些纳粹民族主义者独占了所谓的“德国性”。尽管雅斯贝尔斯因为他的妻子而被纳粹视为“非德国”,但他在1933年就回答道:“你可以想象我(才是)德国人……从1933年起,我疏远德国(第三)帝国,这使我意识到,我的妻子和我不能不是德国人。”Karl Jaspers,“Philosophical Memoir,”p. 269.
29 Karl Jaspers,“Vom Lebendigen Geist der Universitat und vom Studieren.”In Zwei Vortrage von Karl Jaspers und Fritz Ernst. Schriften der Wandlung 1,Heidelberg:Lambert Schneider 1946,p. 39.
30 Karl Jaspers,The Idea of the University,pp. 8392.
31 Karl Jaspers,“Thesen uber politische Freiheit.”Die Wandlung,I/6 (1946):pp. 460465,p. 465. Quoted from Suzanne Kirkbright,Karl Jaspers,p. 195.
32 Hannah Arendt,“Karl Jaspers:Citizen of the World?”In Hannah Arendt,Men in Dark Times. New York:Harcourt,Brace & World,1968,p. 85.
33 Karl Jaspers,“Philosophical Memoir,”p. 296.
34 Suzanne Kirkbright,Karl Jaspers,p. 213.
35 Karl Jaspers,“Kant’s Perpetual Peace,”p. 123.
36 Karl Jaspers,The Atom Bomb and the Future of Man,p. 233.
37 Hannah Arendt,“Karl Jaspers:A Laudatio.”In Men in Dark Times. New York:Harcourt,Brace & World,1968,pp. 7374,75.
38 Immanuel Kant,“Perpetual Peace.”In Hans Reiss,ed.,Kant:Political Writings,2nd enlarged edition.Tans. H. B. Nisbet. Cambridge:Cambridge University press,1991,pp. 105108.
39 Immanuel Kant,“The Metaphysical Elements of the Theory of Rights.”In Hans Reiss,ed.,Kant:Political Writings,pp. 174,175.
40 Chris Thornhill,Karl Jaspers:Politics and Metaphysics.London and New York:Routledge,2002,p. 51.
41 Ibid.
42 Karl Jaspers,The Atom Bomb and the Future of Man,p. 315.
43 Ibid.,p. 22.
44 Ibid.,p. 97.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.,p. 159.
47 Ibid.,p. 291.
48 Ibid.,p. 293.
49 Ibid.,p. 291.
50 Ibid.,p. 292.
51 Ibid.,p. 291.
52 Ibid.,p. 295.
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid.,p. 296.
55 Ibid.,p. 308.
56 Ibid.,p. 316.
干净的手和肮脏的手:存在主义政治的分歧
1 Albert Camus,Letters to a German Friend. In Resistance,Rebellion,and Death. New York:Knopf,1960,pp. 89.
2 Albert Camus,Neither Victims nor Executioners. New York:Continuum,1960,pp. 616.
3 萨特:《脏手》,林秀清译,见《萨特文集》第5卷,人民文学出版社2000年版,第290页。
4 Dorothy McCall,The Theatre of JeanPaul Sartre. New York:Columbia University Press,1969,p.55.
5 萨特:《脏手》,林秀清译,第270页。
6 同上书,第271页。
7 同上书,第367页。
8 同上书,第370页。
9 Ronald Aronson,Camus and Sartre:The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel that Ended It. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2003,p. 106.
10 何林编著:《萨特:存在给自由带上镣铐》,第103—104页。
11 同上书,第104页。
12 同上书,第100页。
13 同上书,第104页。
14 同上书,第105页。
15 Claude Morgan,“Les intellectuels devant leurs responsabilites.”Les Lettres Francaise,September 18,1952,p. 4.
16 Georges Sadoul,“Respectueuse? ... Ou irrespectueuse?”Les Lettres Francaise,October 8,1952,p. 9.
17 Michel Contat and Michel Rybalka,eds.,The Writings of JeanPaul Sartre. Evanston:Northwestern University Press,1974,vol. 1,p. 191.
18 Ibid.,p. 273.
19 Ronald Aronson,Camus and Sartre:The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel that Ended It. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2003,p. 168.
20 Ibid.,p. 169.
21 Ibid.,p. 171.
22 何林编著:《萨特:存在给自由带上镣铐》,第109—110页。
23 Herbert R. Lottman,Albert Camus. Garden City,N.Y.:Doubleday,1979,p. 92.
24 Ronald Aronson,Camus and Sartre:The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel that Ended It. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2003,p. 73.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Andre Gide,Retour de l’U.R.S.S. Paris,Gallimard,1993,p. 43.
28 Maurice MerleauPonty,Humanism and Terror. Boston:Beacon,1969.
29 Ronald Aronson,Camus and Sartre:The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel thet Ended It.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press 2003,p. 72.
30 Albert Camus,Rebel:An Essay on Man in Revolt. Trans. Anthony Bower. New York:Random House,1956,p. 250.
31 Ibid.,p. 288.
32 Ibid.,p. 290.
33 Ibid.,p. 289.
34 Ibid.,p. 292.
35 Jeffrey C. Isaac,Arendt,Camus,and Modern Rebellion. New Haven: Yale University Press,1992,p. 157.
36 Emmett Parker,Albert Camus:The Artist in the Arena. Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1965,pp. 324.
37 David C. Gordon,The Passing of French Algeria. London: Oxford University Press,1966,pp. 9899.
38 Quoted in Parker,Albert Camus,pp. 9899.
39 David C.Gordon,The Passing of French Algeria. London:Oxford University Press,1966,p. 55.
40 Albert Camus,“Preface to Algeria Reports.”In Resistance,Rebellion,and Death. New York:Knopf,1960 (1974),p. 121.
41 Ronald Aronson,Camus and Sartre:The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel that Ended It. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2003 p. 187.
42 Ibid.,p. 210.
43 Ibid.,pp. 111112.
44 Ibid.,pp. 113114.
45 JeanPaul Sartre,“Colonialism est un system.”In Situations,IV. Paris:Gallimard,1964,pp. 2747.
46 Ibid.,p. 40.
47 Ibid.,p. 48.
48 Ibid.,p. 46.
49 Ibid.,p. 47.
50 JeanPaul Sartre,Preface to Frantz Fanon,The Wretched of the Earth. New York:Grove Press,1963,p. 11.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.,p. 13.
53 Ibid.,p. 18.
54 Ibid.,p. 21.
55 Jeffrey C. Isaac,Arendt,Camus,and Modern Rebellion. New Haven:Yale University Press,1992,pp. 137138.
悲剧想象和公共政治
1 Robert C. Pirro,Hannah Arendt:The Politics of Tragedy. DeKalb:Northern Illinois University Press,2001,pp. 3233. “Vaclav Havel and the Political Uses of Tragedy,”Political Theory 30:2 (April 2002):228258.
2 1960年,哈维尔24岁,在军队里当兵回来,开始在布拉格的ABC剧团当舞台管理员,同年夏天又转到栏上剧团(Theatre on the Balustrade),也是当舞台管理员。哈维尔在栏上剧团工作了八年,干过舞台灯光技师、秘书、编剧。哈维尔自己认为,“这段时间对我极为重要,不只是因为这八年是我一生中唯一能全身心投入戏剧的一段时期,投入我感兴趣的那种戏剧,而且因为我因此而成为戏剧作家。”哈维尔说,那段时间“我从早到晚,连夜里也在剧院……我像是沉醉在快乐之中。”哈维尔一直对剧作有兴趣,1959年退伍后他报考大学学习戏剧,但没被录取,等到他后来在栏上剧团当了编剧,他又突然被录取为“在职学员”。哈维尔回忆道:“(当时)我已经在当编剧,完全没有再学写戏的愿望。我忙我自己的,没费劲就毕业了。……除了听过几堂有趣的课之外,老实说在学校什么也没学到。”Vaclav Havel,Disturbing the Peace. New York:Knopf,1990,p. 58.
3 Peter Augustine Lawler,“Havel on Political Responsibility,”Political Science Review 5 (1993):p. 35.
4 Slavoj Zizek,“Attempts to Escape the Logic of Capitalism.”London Review of Books (October 28,1997),p. 7.
5 Vaclav Havel,“The Power of the Powerless.”In Open Letters:Selected Writings 19651990. New York:Knopf,1991,p. 161.
6 Carolyn Bayard,“The Intellectual in the Post Modern Age:East/West Contrasts,”Philosophy Today (Winter 1990),p. 292.
7 Martin Matustik,Postnational Identity:Critical Theory and Existential Philosophy in Habermas,Kierkegaard,and Havel. New York:Guilford,1993,pp. vi,xi.
8 Jean Bethke Elshtain,“A Man for This Season:Vaclav Havel on Freedom and Responsibility,”Perspectives on Political Science 21:4 (1992),p. 202.
9 G. W. Hegel,Hegel on Tragedy,ed. Anne Polucci and Henry Paolucci. Garden City:Anchor Books,1962,p. 68.
10 Ibid.,p. 69.
11 Ibid.,p. 237.
12 Ibid.,p. 51.
13 Ibid.,p. 74.
14 Ibid.,pp. 51,123.
15 Melvyn A. Hill,ed.,Hannah Arendt:The Recovery of the Public World. New York:St Martin’s Press,1979,p. 303.
16 Vaclav Havel,“Anatomy of a Reticence.”In Open Letters,p. 309.
17 Ibid.,p. 302.
18 Vaclav Havel,“The Salzburg Festival.”In The Art of the Impossible.New York:Fromm International,1998,p. 50.
19 Aristotle,“On the Art of Poetry.”In T. S. Dorsch,Classical Literary Criticism. London:Penguin,1965,pp. 3839.
20 Vaclav Havel,“Anatomy of a Reticence.”In Open Letters,p. 309.
21 Vaclav Havel,“Thinking about Frantisek K.”In Open Letters,p. 363.
22 Ibid.,p. 364.
23 Ibid.,p. 366.
24 Ibid.,p. 368.
25 Vaclav Havel,Disturbing the Peace,p. 199.
26 Ibid.,p. 201.
27 Vaclav Havel,Letters to Olga:June 1979September 1982. New York:Knopf,1988,p. 250.
28 Vaclav Havel,“The Power of the Powerless.”In Open Letters,pp. 143,135.
29 Vaclav Havel,Disturbing the Peace,p. 42.
30 Ibid.,p. 40.
31 Ibid.,p. 55.
32 Vaclav Havel,Letters to Olga:June 1979September 1982. New York:Knopf,1988,p. 250.
33 Michael Simmons,The Reluctant President:A Political Life of Vaclav Havel. London:Methuen,1991,p. 43.
34 Hannah Arendt,“Totalitarian Imperialism,”Journal of Politics 20 (1958),p. 7.
35 Ibid.,p. 5.
36 Vaclav Havel,“The Power of the Powerless.”In Open Letters,p. 151.
37 Vaclav Havel,Letters to Olga:June 1979September 1982. New York:Knopf,1988,p. 152.
38 Ibid.,p. 230.
39 Vaclav Havel,“October 4,1996 Address to Academy of Performing Arts in Prague.”In The Art of the Impossible,p. 250.
40 Ibid.,p. 251.
41 Vaclav Havel,Disturbing the Peace,p. 201.
42 Vaclav Havel,“New Year’s Address to the Nation.”In Art of the Impossible,p. 6.
43 Ibid.,p. 5.
44 Ibid.
45 Vaclav Havel,Disturbing the Peace,pp. 202203.
46 Michael Simmons,The Reluctant President:A Political Life of Vaclav Havel. London:Methuen,1991,p. 217.
个人良知和公共政治:捷克现象学回顾
1 Vaclav Havel,Disturbing the Peace. New York:Knopf,1990,p. 189.
2 Vaclav Havel,“Help the Soviet Union on Its Road to Democracy:Consciousness Precedes Being,Delivered to the Joint Session of Congress,Washington D.C.,February 21,1990.”Vital Speeches of the Day 56:11 (15 March,1990).
3 Vaclav Havel,Letters to Olga. New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1988,p. 119.
4 Jean Bethke Elshtain,“A Man for This Season:Vaclav Havel on Freedom and Responsibility.”Perspectives on Political Science 21∶4 (Fall 1992),p. 209.
5 Edward F. Findlay,“Classical Ethics and Postmodern Critique:Political Philosophy in Vaclav Havel and Jan Patocka.”The Review of Politics 61∶ 3 (Summer 1999):403438,p. 416.
6 Vaclav Havel,“Transcending the Clash of Cultures:Democracy’s Forgotten Dimension.”Journal of Democracy 6∶2 (April 1995),p. 7.
7 倪梁康:《现象学及其效应——胡塞尔与当代德国哲学》绪论,www.confuchina.com。
8 Vaclav Havel,“Stories and Totalitarianism.”In Open Letters:Selected Writings 19651990. New York:Knopf,1991,pp. 328350.
9 Vaclav Havel,“The Power of the Powerless.”In Open Letters:Selected Writings 19651990. New York:Knopf,1991,p. 135.
10 Vaclav Havel,“Politics and Conscience.”In Open Letters:Selected Writings 19651990,p. 263.
11 Jan Patocka,Heretical Essays in Philosophy of History. Trans.,Kohak,Chicago:Open Court,1996,p. 115.
12 Vaclav Havel,“The Power of the Powerless.”In Open Letters:Selected Writings 19651990. New York:Knopf,1991,p. 153.
13 Ibid.,p. 155.
14 Quoted by Edward F. Findlay,“Classical Ethics and Postmodern Critique,”p. 408.
15 Barbara J. Falk,The Dilemmas of Dissidence in EastCentral Europe:Citizen Intellectuals and Philosopher Kings. Budapest and New York:Central European University Press,2003,p. 244.
16 Martin Heidegger,“Letter on Humanism.”In Basic Writings. Trans. Frank A. Capuzzi et al. New York:Harper and Row,pp. 150191.
17 Vaclav Havel,“The Power of the Powerless.”In Open Letters:Selected Writings 19651990. New York:Knopf,1991,pp. 154163.
18 Vaclav Havel,“Politics and Conscience.”In Open Letters:Selected Writings 19651990,pp. 250251.
19 Ibid.,p. 265.
20 Aviezer Tucker,The Philosophy and Politics of Czech Dissidence from Patocka to Havel. Pittsburgh,PA:University of Pittsburgh Press,2000,p. 76.
21 Quoted from Aviezer Tucker,The Philosophy and Politics of Czech Dissidence from Patocka to Havel,p. 85.
22 JeanLouis Poirier,“Patocka et les Gres,ou philosopher au fond de la caverne?”Cahiers Philosophiques 50 (1992),pp. 167200.
23 Quoted from Gordon H. Skilling,Charter 77 and Human Rights in Czechoslovakia. London:Allen and Unwin,1981,p. 22.
24 Hannah Arendt,The Human Condition. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1958,pp. 193194.
25 Aviezer Tucker,The Philosophy and Politics of Czech Dissidence from Patocka to Havel,p. 86.
26 Quoted from Gordon H. Skilling,Charter 77 and Human Rights in Czechoslovakia. London:Allen and Unwin,1981,p. 243.
27 Quoted from Jean Bethke Elshtain,“A Performer of Political Thought:Vaclav Havel on Freedom and Responsibility.”In MarketaGoretzStankiewicz and Phyllis Carey,eds.,Critical Essays on Vaclav Havel. New York:G. K. Hall,p. 119.
28 Jean Bethke Elshtain,“A Performer of Political Thought,”p. 119.
29 Vaclav Havel,Letters to Olga,p. 266.
30 Ibid.,pp. 266268.
31 Barbara J. Falk,The Dilemmas of Dissidence in EastCentral Europe,p. 246.
32 Leo Strauss,Persecution and the Art of Writing. Glencoe,Ill:The Free Press,1952,chapter 2.
33 Quoted by Barbara J. Falk,The Dilemmas of Dissidence in EastCentral Europe,p. 236.
34 Vaclav Havel,Letters to Olga,p. 17.
35 Ibid.,pp. 1213.
36 Ibid.,pp. 1718.
37 Ibid.,p. 13.
38 引自麦德琳·奥尔布莱特:《从难民到国务卿:欧布莱特回忆录》(Madam Secretary:A Memoir),钟玉珏译,时报阅读网(www.readingtimes.com.tw)。马萨利克的政治思想甚至影响过中国。李大钊提出“人人都是治者,人人都非属隶”,其间没有俨若鸿沟的阶级。这里所谓治者,即是治理事务的意思,不含有治人的意味。李大钊的这一平民政治信念,就是从马萨利克那里中汲取灵感的。详细讨论见高力克:《与民粹民主主义》,《二十一世纪》网络版,2002年6月号。
39 引自麦德琳·奥尔布莱特:《从难民到国务卿:欧布莱特回忆录》(Madam Secretary:A Memoir),钟玉珏译,时报阅读网(www.readingtimes.com.tw)。
40 H. Gordon Skilling,“Two Democratic Revolutions:Tomas G. Masaryk and Vaclav Havel.”In Marketa GoretzStankiewicz and Phyllis Carey,eds.,Critical Essays on Vaclav Havel. New York:G. K. Hall,p. 108.
41 Ibid.,p. 101.
42 Michael Simmons,The Reluctant President:A Political Life of Vaclav Havel. London:Methuen,1991,pp. 213214.
43 Jiri Musil,“Czechoslovakia in the Middle of Tradition.”Daedalus 121∶2 (Spring 1992):pp. 175195,180.
44 “Have’s Diagnoses,”CTK National News Wire,Jan. 1,1992.
45 Vaclav Havel,Summer Meditations. Trans. Paul Wilson. New York:Knopf,1992,p. 61.
46 Ibid.,p. 6.
47 Vaclav Havel,“The Power of the Powerless.”In Open Letters:Selected Writings 19651990. New York:Knopf,1991,pp. 133134.
48 Vaclav Havel,Summer Meditations. Trans. Paul Wilson. New York:Knopf,1992,pp. 16,62.
49 Roger Scruton,“Masaryk,Patocka and the Care of Soul.”In Josef Movak,eds.,On Masaryk:Texts in English and German. Amsterdam:Rodopi,1998,pp. 113114.
50 Hannah Arendt,“What is Existential Philosophy.”In Hannah Arendt,Essays in Understanding:19301954. New York. Harcourt Brace,1994,pp. 165166.
51 Aviezer Tucker,The Philosophy and Politics of Czech Dissidonce from Patocka to Havel,p. 10.
52 Edmund Hussel,The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Trans. David Carr. Evanston,Ill:Northwestern University Press,1970,pp. 4853,121137.
53 Aviezer Tucker,The Philosophy and Politics of Czech Dissidence from Patocka to Havel,p. 11.
54 Zdzislaw Krasnodebski,“Longing for Community:Phenomenological Philosophy of Politics and the Dilemmas of European Culture.”International Sociology 8 (1993):pp. 339353.
55 Edward F. Findlay,“Classical Ethics and Postmodern Critique,”p. 438.哈维尔相信,不自由的捷克可以向美国这样的自由国家贡献一种对“自由的特殊体验和理解”。1990年,哈维尔以捷克总统的身份在美国参、众两院的联席招待会上向美国致辞,他向美国人民说,不只是捷克可以学习美国,美国也可以学习捷克,而捷克可以贡献于美国,甚至全世界的,正是捷克人在极权下的生活体验。极权统治下的生活体验,使得捷克斯洛伐克人“获得了一种特殊的能力,那就是比那些没有此种体验的人们能时而看得更远。一个被压在巨石下、不能行动、不能过正常生活的人,反倒……有更多的时间去思考自己的希望。我要(对美国人)说的是,我们要向你们学习很多东西,学习如何教育我们的后代,如何选举我们的代表,如何去组织我们的经济,实现繁荣,消除贫困。但是,并非只是教育良好、强大富足者才能帮助(他人),我们也可以帮助你们,用我们的(生存)体验和由此获得的知识。”Vaclav Havel,“Help the Soviet Union on Its Road to Democracy.”
56 Jan Patocka,Heretical Essays in Philosophy of History,p. 143.
57 Vaclav Havel,Summer Meditations,Trans. Paul Wilson. New York:Knopf,1992,pp. 16,62.
为黑夜作见证:维赛尔和他的《夜》
1 Ellen S. Fine,Legacy of Night:The Literary Universe of Elie Wiesel. Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1982,p. 3.
2 Elie Wiesel,“The Holocaust as Literary Inspiration.”In Dimensions of the Holocaust:Lectures at Northwestern University. Evanston Ill.:Northwestern University Press,1977,p. 19.
3 Ellen S. Fine,Legacy of Night:The Literary Universe of Elie Wiesel. Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1982,p. 3.
见证文学的道德意义:反叛和“后灾难”共同人性
1 Emil Fackenhaim,To Mend the World:Foundations of Future Jewish Thought.New York:Schochen Books,1982.
2 Maurice Friedman,“Elie Wiesel:The Job of Auschwitz.”In Harry James Cargas,ed.,Responses to Elie Wiesel. New York:Persea Books,1978,p. 229.
3 Graham B. Walker,Jr.,“Transfiguration.”In Rosemary Horowitz,ed.,Elie Wiesel and the Art of Storytelling. Jefferson,N.C.:McFarland,2006,p. 156.
4 Naomi Seidman,“Elie Wiesel and the Scandal of Jewish Rage.”Jewish Social Studies 1∶3 (Fall 1996),p. 5.
5 Graham B. Walker,Jr.,“Transfiguration.”In Rosemary Horowitz,ed.,Elie Wiesel and the Art of Storytelling. Jefferson,N.C.:McFarland,2006,p. 157.
6 Maurice Friedman,To Deny Our Nothingness:Contemporary Images of Man. New York:Delta,1967,p. 27.
7 Elie Wiesel,A Jew Today. Trans. Marion Wiesel. New York:Random House,1978,p. 22.
8 Elie Wiesel and PhilippeMichael de SaintCheron,Evil and Exile. Trans. Jon Rothschild. Notre Dame,N.C.:University of Notre Dame Press,1990,p. 15.
9 Maurice Friedman,“Elie Wiesel:The Job of Auschwitz.”
10 萨弗朗斯基:《恶:或者自由的戏剧》,卫茂平译,云南人民出版社2001年版,第263页。
11 Harold Fisch,A Remembered Future. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1984,pp. 6669.
12 Graham B. Walker,Jr.,“Transfiguration.”In Rosemary Horowitz,ed.,Elie Wiesel and the Art of Storytelling. Jefferson,N.C.:McFarland,2006,pp. 159160.
13 Rosemary Horowitz,ed.,Elie Wiesel and the Art of Storytelling,“Introduction,”p. 6.
14 Elie Wiesel,All Rivers Run to the Sea. Trans. Marion Wiesel. New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1997,p. 189.
15 See Maurice Friedman,“The Dialogue with the Absurd:The Later Camus and Franz Kafka”In To Deny Our Nothingness.Josephine Knopp,“Wiesel and the Absurd.”In In Harry James Cargas,ed.,Responses to Elie Wiesel,pp. 92101.维赛尔还深受法国“新小说”的影响。“新小说”常常叩问什么是现实,什么是人的时间和因果观念,这些观念有怎样的实质意义和局限。这样的哲学思考在维赛尔那里更是与神学思考融合在一起。
16 Elie Wiesel and PhilippeMichael de SaintCheron,Evil and Exile.Trans. Jon Rothschild. Notre Dame,N.C.:University of Notre Dame Press,1990,p. 12.
17 Elie Wiesel,“Jewish Values in the PostHolocaust Future.”Judaism XVI(Summer 1967),p. 281.
18 Harold Schulweiss,“Man and God:The Moral Partnership. ”Jewish Heritage Reader.New York:Kaplinger Publishing,1968,pp. 118121.
19 Elie Wiesel,Night.Trans. Stella Rodway. New York:Hill and Wang,1960,pp. 23,53.
20 Emil Fackenheim,God’s Presence in History. New York:New York University Press,1978,p. 76.
21 Ibid.,p68.
22 Maurice Friedman,To Deny Our Nothingness,p. 338.
23 Albert Camus,The Myth of Sisyphus.New York:Random House,1955,pp. 4,21.
24 Albert Camus,The Rebe:An Essay on Man in Revolt. Trans. Anthony Bower. New York:Vintage Book,1956,p. 21.
25 Ibid.
26 Albert Camus,The Plague.Trans. Stuart Gilbert,New York:Knopf,1948,p. 197.
27 Ibid.,p. 251.
28 John Cruickshank,Albert Camus and the Literature of Revolt. New York:Oxford University Press,1960,p. 178.
29 Sanford Sternlicht,Student Companion to Elie Wiesel. Westport C.N.:Greenwood Press,2003,p. 57.
30 Elie Wiesel,Town beyond the Wall.Trans. Stephen Becker. New York:Avon Books,1964,p. 127.
31 Ibid.
32 Martin Buber,I and Thou. Trans. Ronald Gregor Smith. New York:Scribner,1958.
33 Albert Camus,The Rebel,p. 22.
34 Avishai Margalit,The Ethics of Memory. Cambridge,M.A.:Harvard University Press,2002,p. 148.
35 Ibid.,p. 155.
36 Ibid.,p. 162.
37 Ibid.,p. 171.
38 Ibid.
39 Ted L. Estess,Elie Wiesel.New York:Frederick Ungar Publishing,1980,p. 55.
幸存者的记忆和见证
1 Primo Levi,Survival in Auschwitz. New York:Collier Books,1993,p. 55.
2 Ibid,p. 142.
3 Elie Wiesel,“Art and Holocaust”. New York Times (11 June,1989),pp. 1,38.
4 Cynthia Ozick,“Primo Levi’s Suicide Note”,in Cynthia Ozick,Metaphor and Memory:Essays. New York:Alfred A. Knopt,1989,p. 40.
5 Primo Levi,The Periodic Table. London:Michael Joseph,1985,p. 221.
6 Robert S. Gordon,Primo Levi’s Ordinary Virtue:From Testimony to Ethics. New York:Oxford University Press,2001.
7 Quoted by Stanislao G. Pugliese,“Trauma/Transgression/Testimony”,in Stanislao G. Pugliese,ed.,The Legacy of Primo Levi. New York:Palgrave MacMillan,2005,p. 10.
“记忆窃贼”和见证叙事的公共意义
1 Elie Wiesel,Night.Trans. Stella Rodway;foreword by Francois Mauriac. New York:Hill and Wang,1958. Promo Levi,If This is a Man. Trans. Stuart Woolf. New York:The Orion Press,1959.
2 Daniel Ganzfried,“Die geliehene HolocaustBiographie.”Die Weltwoche,27 Aug. 1998.“Fakten gegen Erinnerung.”Die Weltwoche,3 Sept. 1998. “Bruchstucke und Scherbenhaufen.”Die Weltwoche 24 Sept. 1998. “Binjamin Wilkomirski und die verwandelte Polin.”Die Weltuwoche,4 Nov. 1999.
3 Elena Lappin,“The Man with Two Heads.”Granta 66(Summer 1999):765. Philip Gourevitch,“The Memory Thief.”The New Yorker,14 June 1999:4869.
4 Stefan Maechler,The Wilkomirski Affair:A Study in Biographical Truth.Trans. John E. Woods. New York:Schocken Books,2001,pp. 269273.
5 Ibid.,p. 269.
6 Ibid.,p. 270.
7 Peter Van Matt,Verkommene Sohne,missratene Tochter:Familendesaster in der Literatur. Munich:Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag,1997. p. 36. Quoted by Stefan Maechler,The Wilkomirski Affair,p. 275.
8 Fragments. In Stefan Maechler,The Wilkomirski Affair:A Study in Biographical Truth. Trans. John E. Woods. New York:Schocken Books,2001,pp. 377496,377.
9 Ibid.,p. 495.
10 Shoshana Feman,“Education and Crisis,or the Vicissitudes of Teaching.”In Shoshana Felman and Dori Laub,eds.,Testimony:Crises of Witnessing in Literature,Psychoanalysis,and History. New York:Routledge,1992,p. 5.
11 参见Andrea Reiter,“Auf dass sie entsteigen der Dunkeheit.”In Die literarische Bewaltigung von KZerfahrung. Vienna:Locker Verlag,1995。
12 Stefan Maechler,The Wilkomirski Affair,p. 282.
13 Ibid.,p. 294.
14 In “Aschenglorie”(“Niemand/ zeugt fur den/ Zeugen.”).
15 Avishai Margalit,The Ethics of Memory. Cambridge,M.A.:Harvard University Press,2002,p. 171.
16 Ibid.,p. 164.
17 Ibid.,p. 180.
18 Ibid.,p. 181.
19 Ibid.,p. 165.
20 Terrence Des Pres,The Survivor:An Anatomy of Life on the Death Camp. New York:Pocket Books,1977,p. 32.
《朗读者》和纳粹罪恶的后代记忆
1 Ruth Franklin,A Thousand Darkness:Lies and Truth in Holocaust Fiction. Oxford University Press,2001,p. 201.
2 Ibid.
3 Christopher R. Browning,“German Memory,Judicial Interrogation,and Historical Reconstruction:Writing Perpetrator History from Postwar Testimony.”In Saul Friedlander,ed.,Probing the Limits of Representation:Nazi and the “Final Solution”. Cambridge,M.A.:Harvard University Press,1992,p. 32.
4 Arno Mayer,Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?The “Final Solution”in History. New York,Pantheon Books,1988,p. 365.
5 Martin Broszat,“Hitler und die Genesis der ‘Endlsung.’ Aus Anlass der Thesen von David Irving.”Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte,25,no. 4 (1977),730775. Hans Mommsen,“Die Realisierung des Utopischen:Die ‘Endlsung der Judenfrage’ in ‘Dritten Reich.’”Geschichte und Gesellschaft,9,no. 3 (1983),381420.
6 Christopher R. Browning,Ordinary Men:Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York:HarperCollins,1992.
7 Bruno Bettelheim,“Their Specialty Was Murder.”New York Times Book Review,October 15,1986,p. 62.
8 Christopher R. Browning,“German Memory,Judicial Interrogation,and Historical Reconstruction.”p. 36.
9 Peter Schneider,“The Sins of the Grandfathers.”New York Times Magazine,December 3,1995. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/03/magazine/thesinsofthegrandfathers. html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
10 Ibid.
11 “Bernhard Schlink interviewed by Eleanor Wachtel.”Queen’s Quarterly,106:4 (Winter 1999):pp. 544555.
12 Ibid.
公共传媒和创伤记忆
1 Jeffery C. Alexander,“Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma.”In Jeffery C. Alexander et al.,Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,2004,p. 2.
在引用亚历山大时,我援引的基本是王志弘的译文。见王志弘译:《迈向文化创伤理论》,www.cc.shu.edu.tw/~gioc/download/jeffrey_Chinese.doc。
2 Ibid.
3 发生在1933年到1945年的针对犹太人的大迫害,以焚烧书籍开始暴行,以焚烧活人达到了邪恶的顶点。Holocaust指的就是这场灾难。但是Holocaust这个说法本身可能包含某种令犹太人不安的语义。Holocaust同时包含两层意思,一是启示性的大毁灭,一是圣经所说的燃烧的祭祀品,是为上神而作的牺牲。而后一层意思是否与“基督教对犹太历史的解读相一致”。见Sidra Ezrahi,By Words Alone:The Holocaust in Literature. Chicago:Chicago University Press,1980,p. 2。
许多犹太人宁愿使用希伯莱文的shoah或意第绪文的hurban,这两个说法都没有来自希腊语的holocaust的那种肯定牺牲的语义。旧约语言的shoah指的是破坏、灾难和凄凉,在现代用法中更是指一种灾难性破坏,它从此根本改变了人对上帝、社会和人类看法。意第绪语的hurban也有这些含义,并兼指充满苦难和蹂躏的漫长历史。见S. Lillian Kremer,Witness through the Imagination. Detroit:Wayne State University Press,1989,p. 8。
4 “Nation Replies in Grim Fury to Jap Brutality to Prisoner.”Newsweek,February 7,1944,p. 19.
5 “Bonnell Denounces German Atrocities.”New York Times,April 23,1945,p. 12.
6 Alan Mintz,Popular Culture and the Shaping of Holocaust Memory in America. Seattle:University of Washington Press,2001,p. 17.
7 Ibid.,p. 18.
8 Elie Wiesel,Night.Trans. Stella Rodway;foreword by Francois Mauriac. New York:Hill and Wang,1958.维赛尔自己坚持说,他的《夜》不是小说,而是“自传历史”(autobiographic history)。见Graham B. Walker,Jr.“Transfiguration.”In Rosemary Horowitz,Elie Wiesel and the Art of Storytelling. Jefferson,NC:McFarland,2006,p. 156。维赛尔的《夜》1958年刚在美国出版时,并没有引起人们注意。这本书的题材和问题意识都有非常鲜明的犹太特征。它后来在美国产生巨大影响,是另一种意义上的普遍性认同。法恩(E. S. Fine)对此有很好的说明:“大屠杀对犹太人是一场大浩劫,对基督徒也是一样,因为基督教有漫长的排犹历史。大屠杀灾难因此牵动了整个西方文明。”Ellen S. Fine,The Legacy of Night:The Literary Universe of Elie Wiesel. Albany,NY:State University of New York Press,1982,p. xii。
9 Jeffery C. Alexander,“Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma,”p. 12.
10 Hannah Arendt,Eichmann in Jerusalem:A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York:The Viking Press,1963.
11 D. E. Lipstadt,“America and the Memory of Holocaust,19501965.”Modern Judaism 16(1996):195214,pp. 196,212 note 54.
12 Michael Emery and Edwin Emery,The Press and America:An Interpretive History of the Mass Media.Seventh Edition. Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall,1992,p. 373.
13 Ibid.,Chapter 17. 丹尼尔·戴扬、伊莱休·卡茨:《媒介事件》,麻争旗译,北京广播学院出版社1992年版。
14 Murray Schumach,“Hollywood Trial,”New York Times,Sunday,April 30,1961,II 9:1.
15 Alan Mintz,Popular Culture and the Shaping of Holocaust Memory in America,pp. 9293.
16 志愿者所言引自Peter Novick,The Holocaust in American Life. New York:Houghton Mifflin,1999,p. 137。实验的详细专业介绍,见Arthur G. Miller,The Obedience Experiments:A Case Study of Controversy in Social Science. New York:Praeger,1986,pp. 115。
Stanley Milgram,“Behavioral Study of Obedience.”Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67(1963):pp. 371378.
17 Ann L. Saltzman,“The Role of the Obedience Experiment in Holocaust Studies. The Case for Renewed Visibility.”In Thomas Blass,ed.,Obedience to Authority:Current Perspectives on the Milgram Paradigm. Mahwah,N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Publishers,2000,p. 125.
18 Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shocked the World:The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram. New York:Basic Books,2004,pp. 268269,i.
19 Stanley Milgram,Obedience to Authority:An Experimental View. New York:Harper and Row,1974,p. 185.
20 Arthur G. Miller,The Obedience Experiments,pp. 181182.
21 Thomas F. Pettigrew,“The Man Who Shocked the World:The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram.”(Book Review)Social Forces 83:4(June 2005):17781779,p. 1779.
22 更多的例子见Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shocked the World,pp. 261263。
灾难见证和公民运动
1 Alan Mintz,Popular Culture and the Shaping of Holocaust Memory in America. Seattle:University of Washington Press,2001,p. 109.
2 Earnest L. Perry,“Coverage of Crime.”In W. David Sloan and Lisa Mullikin Parcell,eds.,American Journalism:History,Principles,Practices. Jefferson,NC:McFarland & Co.,2002,p. 193.
3 U. S. Riot Commission Report,Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder. New York:Bantam,1968,p. 382.
4 Jeffrey C. Alexander,“On the Social Construction of Moral Universals:The Holocaust from War Crime to Trauma Drama.”In Jeffery C. Alexander,et al.,Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley,C.A.:University of California Press,2004,p. 258.
5 Alan Mintz,Popular Culture and the Shaping of Holocaust Memory in America.pp. 179185.
6 J. M. Greene and S. Kumar, “Editors’Introduction.”In J. M. Greene and S. Kumar,eds.,Witness:Voices from the Holocaust. New York:Free Press. 2000,p. xxiv.
7 Geoffrey H. Hartman. The Longest Shadow:In the Aftermath of the Holocaust. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1996,pp. 153154.
8 Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck,eds.,The Holocaust and History:The Known,the Unknown,the Disputed,and the Reexamined. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1998,p. ix.
9 Jeffrey C. Alexander,“On the Social Construction of Moral Universals,”p. 234.
10 Elie Wiesel,“Trivializing the Holocaust.”New York Times,April 16,2∶1,p. 1.
11 Quoted by Geoffrey H. Hartman,The Longest Shadow,p. 84.
12 这样的批评在阿多诺(Theodor Adorno)那里有一句几乎成为名言警句的总结:“奥斯维辛以后不再有诗。”阿多诺的说法在德国哲学家中是有代表性的。“不再有诗”指的是“不可言说”。把纳粹的极恶视为超乎语言,甚至超乎人的思维极限,是不少哲学家的共同想法。德国学者米切利希(Alexander Mitscherlich)说,面对大屠杀,人甚至不再知道如何哀悼(“inability to morn”),德国哲学家吕伯(Hermann Lubbe)说,在这样的情况下,人只能保持沉默的交流(“communicative silence”)。哲学家们感觉到的是一种极度惊诧之后的“休克”状态。引自Bernhard Giesen,“The Trauma Perpetrators:The ‘Holocaust’as the Traumatic Reference of German National Identity.”In Jeffery C. Alexander,et al.,Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity,p. 116。
但是,公共社会对任何问题,在任何情况下都需要交流。对公共社会来说,“休克”是一种奢侈。过度精致的思想反而会令一般公众厌倦。对于公众来说,说灾难故事,当然包括虚构的故事,是非常必要的。过分精致的思想甚至可能成为产生道德怀疑论、极端相对主义和犬儒主义的温床。把“大屠杀”脱离专制、极权、仇恨和暴力意识形态,抽象为永恒“人性之恶”,就会有这样的危险。人性的软弱固然没错,但人性在某种政治环境中比在别的政治环境中更难有抵抗能力。把像大屠杀这样的“制度之恶”神秘化,仅仅报以虔诚的沉默,有可能导致大恶问题从公共论坛上的“合理消失”。
以想象的作品来再现不能想象的邪恶和罪恶行为,会不会因此轻辱死者,损害到大灾难的庄严和肃穆呢?历史学家、艺术家、思想家从一开始就提出了这个问题。维赛尔和斯坦勒(George Steiner)都曾说过,沉默是对大屠杀受难者最好的尊重。但是,他们的写作生涯又都证实了一种不能不说的责任感。不言说就是在帮助和加速对苦难者的遗忘。在沉默和言说间挣扎,这本身就是一种多么需要言说的特殊灵魂感受。因为这种感受本身就在告诉感受者,他们面对的人间苦难有多么巨大。对这种内在矛盾的分析,参见Jack Kolbert,The Worlds of Elie Wiesel:An Overview of His Career and His Major Themes. London:Associated University Press,2001,pp. 6465,160。
13 Quoted in Alan Mintz,Popular Culture and the Shaping of Holocaust Memory in America,p. 25.
我也会是艾希曼吗?电醒世界的社会心理实验
1 Stanley Milgram,Letter to Alan Elms,September 25,1973. Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World:The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram. New York:Basic Books,2004,p. 263.
2 Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World,p. xviii.
3 Ibid.
4 Stanley Milgram,“Behavioral Study of Obedience.”Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 69 (1963):371378,p. 371.
5 “让座实验”的变化形式及其结果,参见Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World,pp. 174177。
6 实验介绍可参见《米尔格伦实验(权力服从研究)》(http://www.mediaz.cn/n218c12.aspx,上网时间2007年7月31日),我在文字上根据纪录片《服从》作了稍许改动。
7 Arthur Miller,The Obedience Experiments:A Case Study of Controversy in Social Science. New York:Praeger,1986,p. 22.
8 Stanley Milgram,Obedience to Authority:An Experimental View. New York:Harper and Row,1974,p. 31.
9 Dannie Abse,The Dogs of Pavlov. London:Valentine,Mitchell & Co.,1973.
10 Stanley Milgram,Letter to Alan Elms,September 25,1973. Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World:The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram. New York:Basic Books,2004,p. 263.
11 Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shocked the World,pp. 268269.
12 Ibid.,pp. 269270.
13 在《服从权威》的德文译文序言中米尔格伦写道:“由于此书与德国人特别相关,译成德文应当是‘服从’,毕竟这曾经是德国人最爱用的借口。在进行了这一实验之后,我想,如果美国有同样的设施——集中营、毒气室——找美国人来操作这些设施一定不成问题。然而,尽管所有的人都可能盲目服从,但这并不能为德国人脱罪,因为他们把一种潜在的可能变成了实实在在的残忍和实实在在的屠杀。”Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shocked the World,p. 267。
14 Philip Zimbardo,“When Good People Do Evil.”Yale Alumni Magazine January/February (2007):4047,p. 44.
15 Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York:Harvest/HBJ,[1951]1973.
16 Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shocked the World,pp. 279280.
17 Stanley Milgram,Obedience to Authority,pp. 178179.米尔格伦的结论是:“这是一个(人性)自然设计在我们身上的缺陷,由于这个缺陷,我们人类最终能否继续存在的希望都很渺茫。”(188)玛希(C. Marsh)认为米尔格伦的看法太悲观。她认为:“服从和不服从都是可以由社会力量来塑造的能力。有的社会命令人民服从,甚至还要盲目服从。但是,对于社会和个人来说,……是否还应该学习什么时候必须质疑服从,什么时候必须不服从呢?”玛希举了一个例子,1998年,人权组织曾为人权人士和环境保护人士提供非暴力抗议策略的训练。来自全世界许多国家的100多位年轻人参加了一个6天的训练计划,学习公民不服从的策略。玛希问道:“如果参加米尔格伦实验的是这些年轻人,实验结果将会如何呢?他们是不是会更多地提出问题呢?他们是不是会拒绝服从呢?”玛希提出的问题是合理的。但问题是,学习服从和不服从的环境都离不开特定的权力制度。在民主制度下,可以有这样的人权训练,但在极权制度下呢?在极权制度下,我们曾经见到过这样的情形:一面鼓励年轻人不服从(对某些人“造反”),一面却诱导他们绝对而盲目地服从(“理解的要执行,不理解的也要执行”)。Caryl Marsh,“A Science Museum Exhibit on Milgram’s Obedience Research:History,Description,and Visitors’ Reactions.”In Thomas Blass,Obedience to Authority:Current Perspective on the Milgram Paradigm. Mahwah,N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Publishers,2000.
18 Stanley Milgram,Obedience to Authority:An Experimental View. New York:Harper and Row,1974,p.189.
19 Steven Hartwell,“Moral Development,Ethical Conduct,and Clinical Education.”New York Law School Law Review,Vol. 35,1990.
20 Arthur G. Miller,The Obedience Experiments,p. 201. Serge Moscovici,“Social Influence and Conformity.”In the Handbook of Social Psychology. Eds.,E. Aronson,M. Brewer,and J. M. Carlsmith,3rd ed.,347412. New York:Random House,1985,p. 378.
21 Quoted by Ann L. Saltzman,“The Role of the Obedience Experiment in Holocaust Studies. The Case for Renewed Visibility.”In Thomas Blass,ed.,Obedience to Authority:Current Perspectives on the Milgram Paradigm. Mahwah,N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Publishers,2000,p. 125.
人性—文化—制度:文化决定论和纳粹极权
1 Daniel Goldhagen,Hitler’s Willing Executioners:Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New Yrok:Knopf,1996,p. 9.
2 Dominick LaCapra. Review of Lawrence Langer’s “Preempting the Holocaust.”Holocaust and Genocide Studies 14:1 (2000):102105,p. 102.
3 例如,James C. Scott称此书为这个研究领域中的“创新而有力之作”。引自Lawrence Douglas,“Review of Hitler’s Willing Executioners:Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. ”Commonwealth 124:9 (May 9,1997),p. 18。
4 Raul Hilberg,The Destruction of the European Jews. Chicago:Ivan R Dee,1960. Hannah Arendt,Eichmann in Jerusalem:A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York:The Viking Press,1963.
5 Daniel Goldhagen,Hitler’s Willing Executioners,p. 371.
6 Ibid.,p. 403.
7 Christopher R. Browning. Ordinary Men:Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York:HarperCollins,1992.
8 Robert S. Wistrich,“Helping Hitler.”Commentary 102:1 (1996):2732,p. 31.戈德哈根的说法为Wistrich所引。
9 John Weiss,Ideology of Death:Why the Holocaust Happened in Germany. Chicago:Ivan R Dee,1995.
10 奥地利在纳粹屠犹恶行中起了特别的作用。Robert S. Wistrich的研究发现,按人口比例,参加纳粹党的奥地利人是德国人的两倍。1938年Anschluss(奥地利并入德国)后,奥地利人口占大德国的8%,但却占党卫军人数的14%,占死亡集中营刽子手人员的40%,占艾希曼部下的70%。推动“最终解决方案”的许多主要人员都曾经是奥地利人,其中包括希特勒、艾希曼、恩斯特·卡尔滕布鲁纳(Ernst Kaltenbrunner Reich Main区警察首脑)、奥迪路·格洛博奇尼克(Odilo Globocnik,波兰死亡集中营的负责人)等。
11 James E. Waller,“Perpetrators of the Holocaust:Divided and Unitary Self:Conceptions of Evildoing.”Holocaust and Genocide Studies 10:1 (1996):1133,p. 12.
12 Robert S. Wistrich,“Helping Hitler,”p. 31. 德国历史学家莫姆森也同样指出,反犹主义士纳粹屠杀犹太人的“必要条件”,但不是“充分条件”。他写道:“由于戈德哈根强调的是(普通德国人)在杀害中的暴力、虐待狂和快乐,他把读者的注意力从纳粹(对犹太人)迫害和灭绝的特殊性上转移开了。纳粹屠犹与早先有过的反犹浪潮或杀犹有质的区别,后者在人群感情冲动时高涨,在人群冲动消退时低落。正是这种传统式的杀犹经验,使得东欧的犹太委员会对纳粹屠犹作出了错误的估计,以为犹太人只要不还手,只要委屈求全,就能将事情化解。他们没有想到,以前那种‘撒野’式的攻击已经给纳粹井井有条的计划(和执行)所代替。”Hans Mommsen,“The Thin Patina of Civilization:AntiSemitism Was a Necessary,but by No Means a Sufficient,Condition for Holocaust.”In Robert R. Shandley,ed,. Unwilling Germans?:The Goldhagen Debate. London:University of Minnesota Press,1998,p. 193.
13 Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York:Harvest/HBJ,[1951] 1973,p. 311.
14 Ibid.,p. 376.
15 Ibid.,p. 378.
16 Ibid.,p. 341.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.,p. 447.
20 Ibid.,p. 451.
21 Ibid.,p. 452.
22 Ibid.,pp. 453,455.
23 Quoted from Richard I. Cohen,“A Generation’s Response to Eichmann in Jerusalem.”In Steven E. Aschheim,ed.,Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem,Berkeley,C.A.:University of California Press,2001,p. 274.
24 Dominick LaCapra. Review of Lawrence Langer’s “Preempting the Holocaust.”p. 104.
政治神学的教训:失节的施米特
1 Dirk van Laak,Gesprache in der Sicherheit des Schweigens:Carl Schmitt in der politischen Geistesgeschichte der fruhen Bundesrepublik. Berlin:Akademie,2002,p. 187.
2 Heinrich Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt:Four Chapters on the Distinction between Political Theology and Political Philosophy. Trans.,Marcus Brainard. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1998,p. ix. 本文中引述施米特处均为迈尔原引,为方便读者,原引处一并附录。
3 Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt,p. xv.
4 Ibid.,p. xiv.
5 Hermann Lubbe,“Aspekte der Politischen Philosophie des Burgers.”In Philosophie nach der Aufklarung:Von der Notwendigkeit Pragmatischer Vernunft. Dusseldorf:Econ,1980,pp. 211222.
6 ErnstWolfgang Bockenforde,“Politische Theorie und Politische Theologie:Bemerkungen zu Ihrem Gegenseitigen Verhaltnis.”In Jacob Taubes,ed.,Der Furst dieser Welt:Carl Schmitt und die Folgen. Munich:Fink,1985,pp. 1625.
7 Heinrich Meier,Carl Schmitt and Leo Strauss:The Hidden Dialogue. Trans. J. Harvey Lomax. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1996.
8 Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt,p. 28.
9 Ibid.,p. 26 [Carl Schmitt,Der Begriff des Politischen (1933),p. 16].
10 Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt,p. 26.
11 Ibid.,pp. 5859.
12 Ibid.,p. 67.
13 Ibid.,p. 68.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.,p. 67.
16 Mark Lilla,The Reckless Mind:Intellectuals in Politics. New York:New York Review Books,2001,p. 69.
17 Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt,pp. xiixiii.
18 尼希黛斯 (Barbara Nichtweiss):《启示录的宪法学说》,见刘小枫编选:《施米特与政治法学》,上海三联书店2002年版,第262页。
19 Rafael Gross,Carl Schmitt und die Juden. Frankfurt:Suhramp,2000.
20 Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt,p. 135.
21 Ibid.p. 132 (Carl Schmitt,Ex Captivitate Salus,p. 12.).
22 Ibid.,pp. 132133.
23 Ibid.,p. 133.
24 Ibid.,p. 134.
25 Ibid.,p. 136 [Carl Schmitt,Politische Romantik (Political Romanticism),p. 162;Politische Theologie (Political Theology),pp. 5556].
26 Ibid.,p. 136.
27 Ibid.,pp. 136137 [Carl Schmitt,Staat,Bewegung,Volk(State,Movement,People),pp. 17,23,27,3132,42,44,46.].
28 Ibid.,p. 137 [Carl Schmitt,“Wesen und Werden des fascistischen Staates.”In Schmollers Jahrbuch fur Gesetzgebung,Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reiche 53,no. 1 (1929),pp. 103,111].
29 Ibid.,p. 138 (Carl Schmitt,“Wesen und Werden”,p. 111).
30 Carl Schmitt,Political Theology:Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Trans. George Schwab. Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,1988,p. xi.
31 刘小枫编选:《施米特与政治法学》,第12页。
32 Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt,pp. 112113 (Carl Schmitt,“Wesen und Werden”,pp. 112113).
33 Ibid.,p. 139 (Carl Schmitt,“Wesen und Werden”,pp. 108,111).
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.,p. 140 [Carl Schmitt,“Derburgerliche Rechtsstaat.”In Die Schildgenossen,Zweimonatsschrift aus der Katholischen Lebensbewegung 8:2 (MarchApril 1928),pp. 128,129].
36 Ibid.,p. 141 (Carl Schmitt,“Der burgerliche Rechtsstaat,”pp. 129,130131).
37 Ibid.,p. 142 (Carl Schmitt,“Der burgerliche Rechtsstaat,”pp. 131,132,133).
38 Peter C. Caldwell,“Controversies over Carl Schmitt:A Review of Recent Literature.”The Journal of Modern History 77:2 (2005):pp. 357388,362.
39 JanWerner Müller,A Dangerous Mind:Carl Schmitt in PostWar European Thought. New Haven,Yale University Press,2003,p. 204.
40 Ibid.,p. 203.
41 Ibid.,p. 202.
施米特现象和右翼批判理论:《危险的心灵:战后欧洲思想中的施米特》
1 Dirk van Laak,Gesprache in der Sicherheit des Schweigens:Carl Schmitt in der Politischen Geistesgeschichte der Fruhen Bundesrepublik. Berlin:Akademie,2002,p. 187.
2 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind:Carl Schmitt in PostWar European Thought. New Haven,Yale University Press,2003,p. 12. 本文中米勒所用的文献以“Muller所引”称之。
3 Mark Lilla,The Reckless Mind:Intellectuals in Politics. New York:New York Review Books,2001,p. 51.
4 Dirk Blasius,Carl Schmitt:Preussischer Staatsrat in Hitlers Reich. Gottingen:Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht,2001,pp. 154,155,170,178.
5 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,pp. 3839.
6 Quoted by JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,p. 39.
7 Ibid.,p. 44.
8 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,p. 39.
9 Ibid.,p. 44.
10 Ulrich Herbert,Best:Biographische Studien über Radikalismus,Weltanschauung und Vernunft 19031989. Bonn:J. H. W. Dietz Nachfolger,1996,pp. 271272. (Muller所引,p. 42。)
11 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,p. 64.
12 Horst Bredekamp,“From Walter Benjamin to Carl Schmitt,via Thomas Hobbes.”Critical Inquiry (Winter 1999)25:2,pp. 247266.
13 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,p. 64.
14 Michael Stolleis,“Reluctance to Glance in the Mirror:The Changing Face of German Jurisprudence after 1933 and post1945.”In Christian Joerges and Navraj Singh Ghaleigh,eds.,Darker Legacies of Law in Europe:The Shadow of National Socialism and Fascism over Europe and its Legal Traditions. Oxford:Hart,2003,p. 7. (Muller所引,p. 68。)
15 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,p. 70.
16 Rudolf Smend,“Das Bundesverfassungsgericht.”In Staatsrechtliche Abhandlungen und Andere Aufstze. Berlin:Duncker & Humblot,pp. 581593.(Muller所引,p. 70。)
17 Ernst Tugendhat,Philosophische Aufstze. Frankfurt/Main:Suhrkamp,1992,p. 9. (Muller所引,p. 117。)
18 Hamann Lübbe,“Aneignung und Rückaneignung.”In Georg Kohler and Heinz Kleger,eds.,Diskurs und Dezision:Politische Vernunft in der Wissenschaftlichtechnischen ZivilisationHermann Lübbe in der Diskussion. Vienna:Passagen,1990,p. 340. (Muller所引,p. 126。)
19 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,pp. 128129.
20 Ibid.,p. 129.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.,p. 21.
23 Ibid.,p. 179.
24 See Erik von KuehneltLeddihn,Leftism:From de Sade and Marx to Hitler and Marcuse. New Rochelle,NY:Arlington House,1979,pp. 372380.
25 Quoted by JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,p. 170.
26 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,pp. 171172.
27 Johannes Agnoli and Peter Brückner,Die Transformation der Demokratie. Frankfurt/Main:Europ ische Verlagsanstalt,1968,pp. 4849. (Muller所引,p. 174。)
28 Johannes Agnoli,“Das deutsche’68:Theoretische Grundlagen und Historische Entwicklung einer Revolte.”In 1968 und die Folgen,Gesammelte Schriften,Vol. 5. Freiburg:Caira 1998,p. 261.(Muller所引,p. 176。)
29 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,p. 223.
30 Ibid.,p. 179.
31 Ibid.,p. 212.
32 Jacques Derrida,Politics of Friendship. Trans. George Collins. London:Verso,1997,p. 107. (Muller所引,p. 10。)
33 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,p. 10.
34 Dirk van Laak,Gesprache in der Sicherheit des Schweigens,pp. 7374,7678,56.
35 JanWerner Muller,A Dangerous Mind,p. 59.
36 Christoph Mollers,Staat als Argument. Munich:Beck,2000,pp. 6163,64,7275.
37 Ibid.,p. 60.
38 Ibid.,pp. 219220.
39 Jose Ortega y Gasset,The Revolt of the Masses. New York:Norton,1957 [1930],p. 76.
40 Ulrich Preuss,“Political Order and Democracy:Carl Schmitt and His Influence.”In The Challenge of Carl Schmitt,ed.,Chantal Mouffe,London:Verso,1999,pp. 157165.
41 Mark Lilla,The Reckless Mind:Intellectuals in Politics. New York:New York Review Books,2001,pp. 7576.
“施米特热”和国家主义
1 JanWerner Müller,A Dangerous Mind:Carl Schmitt in PostWar European Thought. New Haven:Yale University Press,2003,p. 2.
2 Peter C. Caldwell,“Controversies over Carl Schmitt:A Review of Recent Literature.”The Journal of Modern History,77:2 (2005):357388,p. 357.
3 Heinrich Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt:Four Chapters on the Distinction between Political Theology and Political Philosophy. Trans.,Marcus Brainard. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1998. p. 26.施米特引文出自Carl Schmitt,Der Begriff des Politischen (《政治的概念》)1933年版,p. 16。《政治的概念》有1927 (Berlin),1932 (Munchen/Leipzig)和1933年 (Hamburg)的三个版本,以下分别以《政治的概念》(1927),(1932),(1933)称之。
4 Heinrich Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt,p. 26.
5 Ibid.,p. 27.
6 Ibid.,p. 93.
7 Ibid.,p. 66.
8 Ibid.,p. 67.
9 See Karl Lowith,“The Occasional Decisionism of Carl Schmitt.”In Martin Heidegeer and European Nihilism,ed.,Richard Wolin,trans.,Gary Steiner. New York:1995,pp. 3769. Richard Wolin,“Carl Schmitt,Political Existentialism,and the Strong State.”In Terms of Cultural Criticism:the Frankfurt School,Existentialism,Poststructuralism. New York:Columbia University Press,1992,pp. 84104.
10 Heinrich Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt,p. 67.
11 Ibid.,p. 68.
12 Ibid.
13 《政治的概念》(1927),p. 11。
14 Heinrich Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt,pp. 3031.
15 《政治的概念》(1932),p. 54。
16 同上书,p. 45。
17 同上书,pp. 21—22.
18 同上书,p. 22.
19 JanWerner Müller,A Dangerous Mind:Carl Schmitt in PostWar European Thought. New Haven:Yale University Press,2003,p. 8.
20 Carl Schmitt,Political Theology:Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Trans. George Schwab. Cambridge,M.A.:The MIT Press,1988. “Introduction”by G. Schwab,p. xv.
21 Ibid.,p. xvi.
22 Gary Ulmen指出,施密特和纳粹合作,表现出错误的判断和道德疏忽,但在思想上却与20年代并未断裂。Gary Ulmen,“Between the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich:Continuity in Carl Schmitt’s Thought.”Telos (Spring 2001):1832,p. 18.
23 Carl Schmitt,Political Theology:Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Trans. George Schwab. Cambridge,M.A.:The MIT Press,1988. “Introduction”by G. Schwab,p. 5.
24 Ibid.,p. xxi.
25 Mark Lilla,The Reckless Mind:Intellectuals in Politics. New York:New York Review Books,2001,p. 60.
26 Carl Schmitt,Political Theology:Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Trans. George Schwab. Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,1988. “Introduction”by G. Schwab,p. xxii.
27 Ibid.,p. xvii.
28 Carl Schmitt,Legalitt und Legitimitt. Munich and Leipzig,1932,pp. 33,35,4142,4850. 有人把“依法性”和“合法性”理解为“合法性”和“正当性”的区别,似欠妥贴。“正当性”应当是指法的正当性,不是指其他规范形式的正当性(如道德习俗conventional morality),单言“正当性”,看不出它与法的关系。更重要的是,法和正当性 (正义)间的联系早在罗马时期就已形成。法是正义之法,不是苛刑恶法。正当性是体现为法的正当性,不是抽象的存在。因此,ius(拉丁语中的“法”)和iustum(“正义的”)是紧紧交织在一起的。在具有正当性的“合法性”之外,充其量只有“依法性”,不具有另一种别的“合法性”。参见Giovanni Sartori,The Theory of Democracy Revised. Part Two:The Classical Issues. Chatham,N.J.:Chatham House Publishers,1987,p. 322。
29 Carl Schmitt,Political Theology:Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Trans. George Schwab. Cambridge,M.A.:The MIT Press,1988. “Introduction”by G. Schwab,p. xxv.
30 Ibid.,p. xxvi.