九、神化形象
在霍姆斯长达50年的法官生涯中,他的许多著名意见掀起了在法律界甚至美国全社会的一个又一个狂澜。在这些判决意见中,他强调了对上述问题的司法克制,坚持了自由主义的立场,认为宪法和最高法院应当允许公民的言论自由、出版自由,以及他在一定程度上保护工人利益的劳工立法。
此外,霍姆斯独来独往、从不屈服外界压力的个性,也是美国法官们效法的榜样。在任大法官期间,霍姆斯不关心舆论,也从没有在总统选举中投过票。在他成千上万的私人书信中,也从不提及国家的政治问题。对他来说,裁决案件、发表司法意见主要是法学思想和技巧的演练。他认为法官的判断应该遵从立法,因为民主国家中的立法机构代表了普通大众的观点。
霍姆斯对于法律的贡献要比本文所论述的宪法规则大得多。他指出了一条法学新时代的道路。霍姆斯的法律观点本质上是现实主义的。他曾经写道:“如果二十个教授告诉我法院判决不是法律,如果我知道法院将会实施它,我不会介意受到谴责。”他反对当时的法律机械形式主义。早期他就抨击“在法律发展过程中唯一起作用的动力是逻辑”这一观点。霍姆斯在其《普通法》的开篇就写道:“法律的生命不是逻辑,而是经验。一个时代为人们感受到的需求、主流道德和政治理论、对公共政策的直觉——无论是公开宣布的还是下意识的,甚至是法官与其同胞们共有的偏见,在决定赖以治理人们的规则方面的作用都比三段论推理大得多。”[121]他特别指出,绝不能将法律看作数学教科书。
由此可以看出,霍姆斯的法律观念和同时代占主流地位的法学思想有着本质的不同。对霍姆斯来说,自觉地制造法律以使促进社会需要的政策生效是必需的。逻辑和“优雅的法学”都不是法律的生命;法律的生命是建立在“什么是对社会最有利的考虑”之上的法院工作。霍姆斯这一看法的关键在于他的“法律的生命不是逻辑,而是经验”。而在那个时代,占主流的法律原则认为法律只能被发现,而不能被创制;法律是一个封闭的、逻辑的体系;法官不能造法,他们仅仅宣布已经存在的法律。司法功能被限制于发现法律,在法律适应不断变化的需要方面,它们无能为力。与之相反的是,霍姆斯的法律观点建立在对法院立法功能的承认上。在1909年的一份意见上,霍姆斯写道:“法律是环境的陈述,在环境里,公共力量通过法律给人们施加压力。”在深层意义上说,霍姆斯宣称法院的工作是立法。在霍姆斯看来,正因为法院本质上是在立法,因此,就更应该谨慎行事,在社会经济规制领域,不能用自己的偏见来代替立法机构的判断,慎用司法审查权。
霍姆斯还认为,法律的制定应该满足社会的需要。法院判决法律是否违宪不是依据逻辑,而是它的效果和结果。不仅如此,法律可以被塑造以获得最适合社会的结果。霍姆斯曾经说过这样一句著名的话:“法律就像魔镜,反映的不仅是我们的生活,而且是曾经存在过的所有人的生活!每当我想到这一宏伟的主题,我都难以自制”。[122]然而,对霍姆斯来说,法律不仅仅是社会的反映,它还可以服务于它所反映的社会。
正是基于对人类社会和法律本质这样的深刻认识和观察,霍姆斯对长久把持美国法学界的“司法审查”原理进行了反击,认为法律应该适应社会不断发展变化的情况,过去美国法律体制的传统主义所形成的保守性和僵化性,应对其加以改革。因为,昨日之法无约束法官今日判案之效力,判案要根据“是”的精神:法律的生命不在于逻辑,而在于经验。长期以来,司法部门固守社会达尔文主义的信条,凭借其“司法审查”阻挠变革,为保守势力服务,成为保守主义的强大堡垒。霍姆斯的现实主义在很大程度上促使了20世纪上半叶的美国法学论坛上最有影响的社会法学与现实主义法学的产生,对于摧毁司法部门的专断、推动国家干预影响巨大。在霍姆斯的影响下,越来越多的法官在司法实践中也开始将法律和社会改革联系起来,不再简单地视犯罪行为为个人弱点所致,而同样将其看作社会问题的结果。
从19世纪80年代到20世纪40年代,霍姆斯成了美国法学界最令人关注和尊敬的人物之一,甚至被誉为“美国英雄”。“霍姆斯去世后出现的很多法学流派都把他看作‘牧羊人’。”[123]如果说,19世纪是一个法律达尔文主义的世纪,那么,20世纪最终将是大法官霍姆斯先生的世纪。[124]怀特法官在描述1932年至1940年美国人心目中的霍姆斯时,感叹说他被神化了。而在美国200多年的历史上,几乎没有其他法官拥有这种被神化的形象。
(刘慧英、任东来)
* * *
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[42].转引自 Sammuel J.Konefsky, The Legacy of Holmes and Brandeis, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1956, p.16.
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[118].Herndon v.Lowry, 301 U.S.242 (1937).
[119].Cantwell v.Connecticut, 310 U.S.296 (1940).
[120].West Virginia State Board of Education v.Barnette, 319 U.S.624 (1943).
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