九、改变当代美国人生活方式的伟大法官
在其一生的大部分时间里,布伦南大法官都是母亲和妻子所期望的那种甘于平淡、不出风头的人。在一个重要的社会舞台上呆了30多年,却远离风口浪尖,殊为难得。然而,布伦南绝不是一个平庸的大法官。1984年,后来成为联邦法院法官的约翰·吉本斯认为布伦南“比霍姆斯更有人情味,比布兰代斯的视角更宽阔,比布莱克更实际和灵活,比沃伦更有学者气息,比休斯更加善辩,比他们中的任何一个更加勤勉。换句话说,他作为美国最优秀的法官出现在我们的视野之中”[120]。
有人说他是坚定的自由派,在沃伦法院、伯格法院和伦奎斯特法院,他都是自由一翼的领袖,[121]极端的自由派法官却抱怨他不够激进;有人说他为了少数群体的利益敢于挑战世俗,但法律界以外很少有人知道他为少数群体做了什么;有人说他是第一条修正案的坚定捍卫者,然而20世纪五六十年代的色情杂志老板不这么想。依靠通融精神,他一直在幕后推动法院作出很多重要判决。为了目标,他愿意放弃某些原则,接纳一个受限制的判决意见。作为一个来自移民家庭的文化边缘人——天主教徒,他的行为导致天主教会的疏远甚至攻击;作为死刑的坚定反对者,为了隐私权,他又忍心让堕胎成为合法的事,同时支持绝望者的死亡权利;他坚持第一条修正案对自由的保护,却曾试图把色情永远拒之门外。中庸之道使他成为一位中间派的大法官——至少他是这样定位自己的。中庸和甘于幕后,使他退休前一直没有得到与其贡献相匹配的社会关注度。1990年4月《国家法学通讯》的民意调查显示,有41%的美国人可以叫出一个最高法院大法官的名字,只有3%的人知道威廉姆·约瑟夫·布伦南,而且其中许多人是因为反对堕胎才知道他的。[122]
布伦南退休时,他像是被重新发现了一样,全美好像都感到了巨大的损失。可以这样说,几乎花费了一生的时间,布伦南才成为一个民族英雄。他一生的信条就是给每一个男人、女人和襁褓中的孩子提供人类应有的尊严。对布伦南而言,对人类尊严的尊重是宪法保护自由的核心。对于个人尊严至关重要的是:人们可以站出来陈述他们的所思所想。所以,他坚信第一条修正案确保每个人都无须畏惧政府的惩罚,来表达自己的观点。他退休时,收到了一对年轻夫妇的赞扬之词,他们在一年前把新生女儿起名为“布伦南”。他立刻给他们回了一条贺词:“我希望你们能投身于把民权扩展到每一个人的事业之中。这是孩子的同名人的强烈愿望。”[123]
在13年暴风骤雨似的岁月里,老布伦南改变了他的家乡内瓦克;在几乎没人真正了解他是何方神圣的情况下,小布伦南则用30多年的时间默默地改变了当代美国人的生活方式。
(任东来、王小秀)
* * *
[1].Hunt R.Clark, Justice Brennan: The Great Conciliator, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1995, p.277.
[2].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, p.31.
[3].Michael Mello, Against the Death Penalty: The Relentless Dissents of Justices Brennan and Marshall, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996, p.14.
[4].Michael Mello, Against the Death Penalty: The Relentless Dissents of Justices Brennan and Marshall, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996, p.15.
[5].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.22.
[6].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, p.29.
[7].在私人执业律师生涯中,布伦南往往作为大企业集团的代表,站在工会和工人的对立面,这与他父亲对他的期望恰恰背道而驰。
[8].Hunt R.Clark, Justice Brennan: The Great Conciliator, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1995, p.71.
[9].Michael Mello, Against the Death Penalty: The Relentless Dissents of Justices Brennan and Marshall, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996, p.22.
[10].为逃避保守派和极端自由派的游说,布伦南选择了同样需要盟友的首席法官沃伦。此后,二人经常在周五最高法院例行会议之前,往往是周四,在沃伦的办公室单独会面,协调立场。在那里,沃伦就将很多重要案件事先指派给布伦南了。
[11].保守派,奉行司法谦抑。
[12].自由派,奉行司法能动主义。
[13].当哈佛法学院拒绝接受布伦南之子布伦南三世入学时,布伦南与母校的关系最终彻底决裂了。这是继在《哈佛法律评论》上发表一系列抨击文章和拒绝在法学院悬挂布伦南肖像后,哈佛对布伦南做的最不尊重的事情。最后,布伦南三世去了耶鲁。
[14].道格拉斯觉得布伦南太好妥协,这是他无法容忍的。当1956年布伦南进入最高法院时,他就非常怀疑他。实则,布伦南为形成多数作出让步,却往往能达到目标,从而扩大自由。他的方法比布莱克和道格拉斯实用。多年之后,道格拉斯遵从了布伦南的扩大自由之路。
[15].[美]鲍勃·伍德沃德、斯科特·阿姆斯特朗著:《美国最高法院内幕》,熊必俊、虞孝淮、李士培等译,广西人民出版社1982年版,第16页。
[16].沃伦·伯格被选中,得益于自己的平庸和保守立场,尼克松要通过削弱首席大法官的力量,从而削弱最高法院,甚至是推翻沃伦法院判决。新首席大法官没有政治家的魄力,也缺乏作为大法官的正直,往往在发现自己处于少数时突然改变立场,出尔反尔。这样做的后果是,他很难在强者云集的最高法院确立权威。
[17].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.260.
[18].在布伦南的不断影响下,布莱克门从右倾转向了中间派。波特·斯图尔特保持着以往的神秘让人捉摸不透。路易斯·鲍威尔虽然保守,但被证明是一个独立的思考者,不是伯格所想的那样的简单的追随者。
[19].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America,New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.259.
[20].Regents v.Bakke, 438 U.S.265 (1978).
[21].Steelworkers v.Weber, 443 U.S.193 (1979).
[22].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America,New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.263.
[23].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America,New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.263.
[24].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America,New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.271.
[25].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America,New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.271.
[26].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.272.
[27].Peter Irons, Brennan vs.Rehnquist: The Battle for the Constitution, New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1994, Preface I.
[28].伦奎斯特被里根提升为首席大法官,代替伯格,斯卡利亚则填补伦奎斯特的空缺。
[29].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.270.
[30].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America,New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.272.
[31].FCC v.Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S.547 (1990).
[32].道格拉斯退休前,已经因为病痛而瘫痪且思绪混乱,但他执意不肯离开。被迫退休后还要坚持书写法律意见,干涉判决,这些都影响了最高法院的正常工作。道格拉斯成为一个大麻烦。
[33].Hunt R.Clark, Justice Brennan: The Great Conciliator, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1995, p.276.
[34].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.280.
[35].Michael Mello, Against the Death Penalty: The Relentless Dissents of Justices Brennan and Marshall, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996, p.36.
[36].Peter Irons, Brennan vs.Rehnquist: The Battle for the Constitution, New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1994, p.322.
[37].Geoffrey R.Stone, “Justice Brennan and the Freedom of Speech: A First Amendment Odyssey”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol.139, No.5.(May, 1991).
[38].图片来源:www.archives.gov/exhibits/documented-rights/exhibit/section4/detail/heed-rising-voices.html,最后访问日期:2014年5月4日。
[39].Roth v.United States, 354 U.S.380(1957).
[40].New York Times v.Sullivan, 33 U.S.254 (1964).
[41].Stephen L.Sepinuck and Mary Pat Treuthart, The Conscience of the Court: Selected Opinions of Justice William J.Brennan JR.on Freedom and Equality, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999, p.4.
[42].Stephen L.Sepinuck and Mary Pat Treuthart, The Conscience of the Court: Selected Opinions of Justice William J.Brennan JR.on Freedom and Equality, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999, p.8.
[43].Stephen L.Sepinuck and Mary Pat Treuthart, The Conscience of the Court: Selected Opinions of Justice William J.Brennan JR.on Freedom and Equality, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999, p.9.
[44].Stephen L.Sepinuck and Mary Pat Treuthart, The Conscience of the Court: Selected Opinions of Justice William J.Brennan JR.on Freedom and Equality, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999, p.9.
[45].Stephen L.Sepinuck and Mary Pat Treuthart, The Conscience of the Court: Selected Opinions of Justice William J.Brennan JR.on Freedom and Equality, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999, p.6.
[46].Hunt R.Clark, Justice Brennan: The Great Conciliator, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1995, p.118.
[47].Texas v.Johnson, 491 U.S.397 (1989).
[48].David E.Marion, The Jurisprudence of Justice William J.Brennan, Jr.: The Law and Politics of “Libertarian Dignity ”, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 1997, p.63.
[49].该法令规定:“任何人,故意或明知地亵渎公共纪念碑,教堂或墓地,州旗或国旗,即为犯罪;这里‘亵渎’一词,意为损坏或毁坏,或行为者以明知会严重触犯可能看到或发现其行动的人的方式,不当对待上述物品。”
[50].David E.Marion, The Jurisprudence of Justice William J.Brennan, Jr.: The Law and Politics of “Libertarian Dignity ”, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 1997, p.77.
[51].Stromberg v.California, 283 U.S.359 (1931).
[52].West Virginia State Board of Education v.Banette, 319 U.S.624 (1943).
[53].Street v.New York, 394 U.S.576 (1969).
[54].Spence v.Washington, 418 U.S.405 (1974).
[55].Stephen L.Sepinuck and Mary Pat Treuthart, The Conscience of the Court: Selected Opinions of Justice William J.Brennan Jr.on Freedom and Equality, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999, p.53.
[56].Stephen L.Sepinuck and Mary Pat Treuthart, The Conscience of the Court: Selected Opinions of Justice William J.Brennan Jr.on Freedom and Equality, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999, p.61.
[57].Stephen L.Sepinuck and Mary Pat Treuthart, The Conscience of the Court: Selected Opinions of Justice William J.Brennan Jr.on Freedom and Equality, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999, p.64.
[58].Hunt R.Clark, Justice Brennan: The Great Conciliator, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1995, p.272.
[59].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, p.47.
[60].United States v.Eichman,496 U.S.310 (1990).
[61].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence,New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, p.46.
[62].Hunt R.Clark, Justice Brennan: The Great Conciliator, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1995, pp.182-183.
[63].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.29.
[64].Adams Theater Co.v.Keenan, 96 A.2d 519 (N.J.1953).在该案中,布伦南判决,不能在剧院上演戏剧之前就拒绝颁发演出许可证,州无权在表演被搬上舞台之前就假定哪些东西是淫秽的。
[65].Hunt R.Clark, Justice Brennan: The Great Conciliator, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1995, p.185.
[66].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.142.
[67].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America,New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.142.
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[69].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.144.
[70].Regina v.Hicklin, L.R.3 Q.B.360 (1868).
[71].希克林原则(Hicklin test):第一,出版物不得触犯或损害最容易受影响的人,其中包括未成年人,有不良性倾向的成年人和所有下层人民。第二,出版物是否属于淫秽,不是根据其整个内容,而是根据其部分内容。如果一项出版物的部分内容被认定为淫秽,该出版物则整个被认定为淫秽。第三,认定淫秽的根据是出版物的意图,同时禁止任何会产生不纯洁的和淫荡思想的作品。法官考虑的是阅读这些出版物后所引起的思想,完全不考虑这些出版物是否实际上会造成反社会行为。
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[76].A Book Named “John Cleland's Memoris of a Woman of Pleasure” v.Attorney General of Massachusetts, 383 U.S.413 (1966).
[77].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, p.66.
[78].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997,p.67.
[79].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997,p.66.
[80].图片来源:http://blog.naa.gov.au/banned/books/memoirs-of-a-woman-of-pleasure/,最后访问日期:2014年5月4日。
[81].Mishkin v.New York, 383 U.S.502 (1966).
[82].Ginzburg v.United States, 383 U.S.463 (1966).
[83].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, p.67.
[84].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, p.67.
[85].Peter Irons, Brennan vs.Rehnquist: The Battle for the Constitution, New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1994, pp.171-172.
[86].Harry Kalven, Jr., edited by Jamie Kalven, A Worthy Tradition: Freedom of Speech in America, New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1988, p.43.
[87].Harry Kalven, Jr., edited by Jamie Kalven, A Worthy Tradition: Freedom of Speech in America, New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1988, p.43.
[88].Peter Irons, Brennan vs.Rehnquist: The Battle for the Constitution, New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1994, p.171.
[89].Peter Irons, Brennan vs.Rehnquist: The Battle for the Constitution, New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1994, p.171.
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[91].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, p.64.
[92].布伦南为形成多数,喜欢通过他的法律助理与其他法官法律助理的交流,来探听消息并相应地调整立场。
[93].Miller v.California, 413 U.S.15 (1973).
[94].[美]唐·R.彭伯著:《大众传媒法》(第十三版),张金鑫、赵刚译,展江校,中国人民大学出版社2005年版,第440页。
[95].Richard Hixson, Pornography and the Justice, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996, p.114.转引自邱小平著:《表达自由——美国宪法第一修正案研究》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第261页。
[96].Paris Adult Theatre I v.Slaton, 413 U.S.49 (1973).该剧院老板因放映限制性影片《魔镜》和《真相大白》而获罪。
[97].Stephen L.Sepinuck and Mary Pat Treuthart, The Conscience of the Court: Selected Opinions of Justice William J.Brennan Jr.on Freedom and Equality, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999, p.17.
[98].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, pp.69-70.
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[102].William J.Brennan, Jr., “The Constitution of the United States: Contemporary Ratification”, South Texas Law Review, 1986, Vol.27, p.438.
[103].1997年7月21日布伦南去世,终年91岁。克林顿总统在悼词中称,布伦南的法律思想曾影响许许多多法学院学生,包括他自己。首席大法官伦奎斯特称,布伦南为美国宪法的发展做出了主要贡献。美国宪法学者特赖布(Laurence Tribe)称,布伦南是促进联邦宪法维护个人权利的重要奠基人。见Laurence Tribe, “Common Sense and Uncommon Wisdom: A Tribute to Justice Brennan”, http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/backissues/fall97/brennan.html.最后访问时间2014年5月5日。
[104].William J.Brennan, Jr., “The Constitution of the United States: Contemporary Ratification”, South Texas Law Review, 1986, Vol.27, p.433 (1988).转引自Michael Mello, Against the Death Penalty: The Relentless Dissents of Justices Brennan and Marshall, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996, p.30.
[105].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.267.
[106].Kim Isaac Eisler, A Justice for All: William J.Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p.267.
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[110].Michael Mello, Against the Death Penalty: The Relentless Dissents of Justices Brennan and Marshall, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996, p.31.
[111].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, p.32.
[112].Peter Irons, Brennan vs.Rehnquist: The Battle for the Constitution, New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1994, p.39.
[113].Hunt R.Clark, Justice Brennan: The Great Conciliator, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1995, p.182.
[114].E.Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, Reason & Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1997, p.46.
[115].[美]莫顿·J.霍维茨著:《沃伦法院对正义的追求》,信春鹰、张志铭译,中国政法大学出版社2003年版,第119页。
[116].Speiser v.Randall, 357 U.S.513 (1958).
[117].Engel v.Vitale, 370 U.S.421 (1962).
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