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11.凯恩斯攻克美国
1.Harrod, Life of John Maynard Keynes, p.448.
2.Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace, p.84.
3.同上,p.85.
4.同上。
5.同上,p.41.
6.J.M.Keynes,“The Consequences of the Banks Collapse of Money,”Vanity Fair, January 1932.
7.这个词是罗斯福创造的,1932年他在接受民主党总统候选人提名时允诺说,“要给美国人民一套新政。”
8.Jonathan Alter, The Defining Moment:FDRs Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope(Simon&Schuster, New York,2006),p.2.
9.阿瑟·施莱辛格(Arthur M.Schlesinger Jr,1917—2007),美国历史学家,研究自由主义由来,肯尼迪家族的“官方史学家”,著有A Thousand Days浪漫表现肯尼迪短暂的总统生涯。
10.Arthur M.Schlesinger Jr.,The Coming of the New Deal(Mariner Books, New York,2003),p.3.
11.费利克斯·兰克福(Felix FrankfurterFelix,1882—1965),美国最高法院陪审法官。
12.Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol.2:Economist as Savior, p.492.
13.Letter from Frankfurter to Roosevelt, December 6,1933,in Max Freedman, ed.,Roosevelt and Frankfurter:Their Correspondence,1928-1945(Atlantic-Little, Brown, Boston,1976),p.177.
14.Keyness open letter in full, in Freedman, Roosevelt and Frankfurter, pp.178-183.
15.此处的“教授”是美国用法,仅为对大学老师的称呼。凯恩斯从来不是也并没有当过英国用法里的“教授”。1930年,他对一位电影制片人说,“千万别让他们把‘教授’打在屏幕上。我不想无辜受辱,又没有报酬。”Quoted in Milo Keynes, ed.,Essays on John Maynard Keynes(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.,1975),p.249,footnote.
16.Letter from Roosevelt to Frankfurter, December 22,1933,in Freedman, Roosevelt and Frankfurter, pp.183-184.
17.在O.T.Falk和Geoffrey Marks的鼓励下,1919年,凯恩斯当上了伦敦National Mutual Life Assurance Society董事会成员,两年后任董事长,1938年之前,他一直担任此职。1923年,凯恩斯还加入了Provincial Insurance Company董事会,指导投资政策,并一直在任,直到去世。
18.Letter from Frankfurter to Roosevelt, May 7,1934,in Freedman, Roosevelt and Frankfurter, p.213.
19.Note from Roosevelt to Miss LeHand,出处同上,p.215.
20.Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol.2:Economist as Savior, p.505.
21.Harrod, Life of John Maynard Keynes, p.20.
22.Herbert Stein, On the Other Hand—Essays on Economics, Economists, and Politics(AEI Press, Washington, D.C.,1995),p.85.
23.Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew(Viking Press, New York,1946),p.226.
24.同上。
25.同上。
26.同上,p.225.
27.Letter from Frankfurter to Roosevelt, in Freedman, Roosevelt and Frankfurter, p.222.
28.Letter from Roosevelt to Frankfurter in ibid.
29.Letter from Lippmann to Keynes, April 17,1934,quoted in Harrod, Life of John Maynard Keynes, p.450.
30.Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century(Bodley Head, London,1981),p 308.
31.Ted Morgan, FDR:A Biography(Simon&Schuster, New York,1985),p.409.
32.Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol.2:The Economist as Savior, p.508.
33.J.M.Keynes, Speech to the American Political Economy Club, quoted in Collected Writings, vol.13:General Theory and After, Part 1,p.462.
34.William Rogers Louis, Adventures with Britannia:Personalities, Politics, and Culture in Britain(I.B.Tauris, London,1997),p.191.
35.John Kenneth Galbraith, A Life in Our Times(Houghton Mifflin, Boston,1981),p.68.
36.对加尔布雷斯来说,这是一次失望的旅行。凯恩斯没在剑桥,因为之前经历了一次心脏病发作,他正在修养。
37.Galbraith, Life in Our Times(Houghton Mifflin,1981),p.70.
38.马里纳·埃克尔斯(Marriner Stoddard Eccles,1890—1977),美联储主席(1934~1948)。
39.U.S.Senate, Evidence to the Senate Finance Committee Investigation of Economic Problems:Hearings,72nd Congress,2nd Session.February 13—28,1933(Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1933),p.8.
40.同上,p.9.
41.同上,p.21.
42.Richard Parker, John Kenneth Galbraith:His Life, His Politics, His Economics(Farrar, Straus&Giroux, New York,2005),p.95.
43.Keynes, Essays on John Maynard Keynes, p.135.
44.William Breit and Roger W.Spencer, eds.,Lives of the Laureates:Seven Nobel Economists(MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.,1986),p.98.
45.同上。
46.同上。
47.Keynes, Essays on John Maynard Keynes, p.136.
48.Paul A.Samuelson in Robert Lekachman, ed.,Keynes‘General Theory:Reports ofThree Decades(St.Martin’s Press, New York,1964),pp.315-316.
49.Keynes, Essays on John Maynard Keynes, p.136.
50.同上。
51.罗伯特·布赖斯(Robert Broughton Bryce,1910—1997),加拿大财政部副部长(1963—1968)。
52.Galbraith, Life in Our Times(Houghton Mifflin,1981),p.90.
53.Keynes, Essays on John Maynard Keynes, p.136.
54.John Kenneth Galbraith, The Essential Galbraith, ed.Andrea D.Williams(Mariner Books, Boston,2001),p.242.
55.According to JSTOR, quoted in Parker, John Kenneth Galbraith, p.94.
56.Keynes, Essays on John Maynard Keynes, p.138.