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15.凯恩斯时代
1.凯恩斯在遗嘱中要求将骨灰埋在国王学院,但遗嘱执行人、他的兄弟杰弗里决定将骨灰撒在苏塞克斯。
2.克伦斯基(Alexander Kerensky,1881—1970),俄国临时政府的总理,该临时政府在十月革命中被列宁推翻。
3.Alan Peacock, Liberal News, February 23,1951.
4.Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill, the Wilderness Years(Houghton Mifflin, New York,1982),p.31.
5.William Beveridge, Full Employment in a Free Society(Allen&Unwin, London,1944),p.135.
6.UCLA Oral History Project, p.111.
7.同上,pp.111-112.
8.同上,p.111.
9.Articles 55 and 56,Charter of the United Nations,1945,http://un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml.
10.Johannes Morsink, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights:Origins, Drafting, and Intent(University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia,2000),p.160.
11.Robert J.Donovan, Conflict and Crisis:The Presidency of Harry S.Truman,1945—1948(University of Missouri Press, Columbia,1996),p.112.
12.Franklin D.Roosevelt,“State of the Union Message to Congress,”January 11,1944,The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=l6518.
13.詹姆斯·默里(James Murray,1876—1961),加拿大出生的美国人,在蒙大拿州连续五次出任参议员。
14.莱昂H.凯瑟林(Leon H.Keyserling,1908—1987),经济学家,受教于Rexford Tugwell,后者是新政的“建筑师”,罗斯福智囊团的重要成员。见W.Robert Brazelton,“The Economics of Leon Hirsch Keyserling,”Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.11,no.4,Fall 1997,pp.189-197.
15.Oral history interview with Leon Keyserling by Jerry N.Hess, Washington, D.C.,May 3,1971,Harry S.Truman Library, Independence, Mo.,pp.25-26.
16.Full Employment Bill of 1945,in Stephen Kemp Bailey, Congress Makes a Law:The Story behind the Employment Act of T946(Vintage, New York,1964),p.57.
17.U.S.Senate, Assuring Full Employment in a Free Competitive Economy.Report from the Committee on Banking and Currency, S.Rept.583,79th Congress,1st session(Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,September 22,1945),p.81.
18.Harry S.Truman(1884—1972),33rd president of the United States(1945-53).
19.Full Employment Bill of 1945,section 2(b-c).
20.Seymour E.Harris,“Some Aspects of the Murray Full Employment Bill,”Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.27,no.3,August 1945,pp.104—106.
21.Gottfried Haberler,“Some Observations on the Murray Full Employment Bill,”Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.27,no.3,August 1945,pp.106-109.
22.Employment Act of 1946,section 2.
23.埃德温·诺斯(Edwin Griswold Nourse,1883—1974),农业经济学家,经济顾问委员会主席(1946—1949)。
24.Oral history interview with Edwin Nourse by Jerry N.Hess, Washington, D.C.,March 7,1972,Harry S.Truman Library, Independence, Mo.,pp.24-26.
25.David McCullough, Truman(Simon&Schuster, New York,1992),p.633.
26.Oral history interview with Leon Keyserling by Jerry N.Hess, Washington, D.C.,May 10,1971,p.117.
27.Silvia Nasar, interview with Paul Samuelson,“Hard Act to Follow?”The New York Times, March 14,1995.
28.德怀特·大卫·“艾克”·艾森豪威尔(Dwight David“Ike”Eisenhower,1890—1969),盟军欧洲战场最高指挥官,1944年领导了收复法国、反攻德国的战斗,后成为美国第34任总统(1953—1961)。
29.John W.Sloan, Eisenhower and the Management of Prosperity(University Press of Kansas, Lawrence,1991),p.13.
30.阿瑟·伯恩斯(Arthur Frank Burns,1904—1987),艾森豪威尔任内的经济顾问委员会主席(1953—1956),美联储主席(1970—1978)。
31.Burns speech, June 16,1955,Dwight D.Eisenhower papers, Dwight D.Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum, Abilene, Kans.,Ann Whitman File, Administrative Series, box 10.
32.Parker, John Kenneth Galbraith, p.319.
33.Editorial,“Peoples Success Story,”Life, August 1,1960,p.20.
34.整个20世纪50年代,国防开支至少占联邦开支总额的一半。20世纪60年代,联邦预算为922亿美元,国防开支为481亿美元。U.S.Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables:Budget of the United States Government,2006(Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,2005).
35.James Oberg, NBC News, April 27,2004.
36.Richard Hofstadter, American Perspective, vol.4(Foundation for Foreign Affairs, Washington, D.C,1950),p.35.
37.联邦国防合同落入多家大公司手里,如Lockheed, Grumman, Hughes, Litton Industries, TRW, General Motors, IBM和General Electric等。
38.Dwight D.Eisenhower,“Farewell Address,”January 17,1961,The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
39.Eisenhower news conference, November 5,1958,The American PresidencyProject, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=l 1286.
40.理查德·尼克松(Richard Milhous Nixon,1913—1994),第36任副总统(1953—1961),第37任总统(1969~1974)。
41.约翰·菲茨杰拉德·“杰克”·肯尼迪(John Fitzgerald“Jack”Kennedy,1917—1963),美国第35任总统(1961~1963)。
42.Stein, On the Other Hand, p.85.
43.John Kenneth Galbraith, Ambassadors journal(Houghton Mifflin, New York,1969),p.48.
44.小威廉·麦克切斯尼·马丁(William McChesney Martin Jr.,1906—1998),在职最久的美联储主席,从1951年4月一直干到了1970年1月,是《联邦储备法》设计师威廉·麦克切斯尼·马丁之子。
45.Leon Keserling曾向肯尼迪抱怨,说他在关键岗位上任命了太多的保守派,肯尼迪反驳说,你没意识到,我当选只是因为选票多了百分之一的一半,Keserling回答说:我猜,要是尼克松因为多了百分之一的一半选票当选总统,他一定会任命我当财政部部长,好取悦自由派。Oral history interview with Leon Keyserling by Jerry N.Hess, Washington, D.C.,May 10,1971,p.94.
46.沃尔特·赫勒(Walter Wolfgang Heller,1915—1987),美国明尼苏达大学经济系主任。他协助设计了1947年的马歇尔计划,复兴“二战”后的欧洲,还建议林登·约翰逊“向贫困宣战”。
47.克米特·戈登(Kermit Gordon,1916—1976),Brookings Institution后来的主席,负责监管约翰逊“伟大社会”的第一笔预算。
48.John F.Kennedy,“State of the Union Message to Congress,”February 2,1961,The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8111&st=kennedy&stl=congress.
49.Michael OBrien, John F.Kennedy:A Biography(Macmillan, London,2006),p.637.
50.Arthur M.Schlesinger Jr.,A Thousand Days:John F.Kennedy in the White House(Houghton Mifflin, New York,1965),p.630.
51.Quoted from various sources in Parker, John Kenneth Galbraith, p.340.
52.Oral history interview with Leon Keyserling by Jerry N.Hess, Washington, D.C.,May 10,1971,p.94.
53.JFK speech to the Economic Club of New York, December 14,1962,John F.Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/Speeches+of+John+F+Kennedy.htm.
54.Michael M.Weinstein,“Paul A.Samuelson, Economist, Dies at 94,”The New York Times, December 13,2009.
55.Robert M.Collins, The Business Response to Keynes,1929—1964(Columbia University Press, New York,1981),p.192.
56.埃弗塞·多马(Evsey Domar,1914—1997),波兰出生的美国经济学家,研究财政赤字和经济增长之间的联系。
57罗伯特·索洛(Robert Merton Solow,1924—),美国经济学家,在哥伦比亚大学和麻省理工学院工作,1987年获诺贝尔经济学奖,确定了技术创新在经济增长中的重要性。
58.威廉·菲利普斯(William Phillips,1914—1975),电气工程师,后成为伦敦经济学院的经济学家,开发了初期的模拟计算机,1958年在菲利普斯曲线中假定失业和通货膨胀的变化当中存在联系。
59.Douglass Cater Oral History Interview II, by David G.McComb, May 8,1969,Lyndon Baines.Johnson Library and Museum, Austin, Tex.,Oral History Collection, p.16.
60.道格拉斯·卡特(S.Douglass Cater,1923—1995),约翰逊总统的特别助理。
61.“Kennedy Tax Cuts Boosted Revenue,”Heritage Foundation, http://www. heritage.org/static/reportimages/1326E87331F4B5FC87405FF5ClBFC7EE.gif.
62.Bureau of Labor Statistics figures, www.bls.gov.
63.Time, December 31,1965.Uncredited author.
64.“President Lyndon B. Johnsons Remarks at the University of Michigan,”May 22,1964,Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/640522.asp.
65.巴里·戈德华特(Barry Goldwater,1909—1998),保守派,自由意志论思想家,连续5次出任亚利桑那州参议员,1964年是共和党的总统候选人。
66.威尔伯·米尔斯(Wilbur Mills,1909—1992),阿肯色州议员,20世纪60年代众议院“方法和手段”委员会(House Ways and Means Committee)主席,公认的民主党总统候选人,但在1972年的党内选举中,输给了乔治·麦戈文(George McGovern)。
67.Wilbur Mills Oral History Interview I, by David G.McComb, February 11,1971,Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, Austin, Tex.,Oral History Collection, p.15.
68.Richard Nixon,“State of the Union Address,”January 22,1970,Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3889.
69.保罗·麦克拉肯(Paul McCracken,1915—),美国经济学家。
70.赫伯特·斯坦因(Herbert Stein,1916—1999),倡导福利的自由市场派记者,尼克松经济顾问委员会的主席。
71乔治·舒尔茨(George Shultz,1920—),尼克松的劳工部长(1969~1970),管理和预算办公室主任(1970~1972),财政部长(1972~1974),罗纳德·里根的国务卿(1982~1989)。
72.U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS):Current Population Survey(CPS)[Household Survey-LNS14000000],http://zimor.com/chart/Unemployment_Rate.
73.Stein, On the Other Hand, p.96.
74.Nixon,“State of the Union Address,”January 22,1970.
75.Stein, On the Other Hand, p.101.
76.同上。
77.同上,p.105.
78.Interview of Milton Friedman, October 1,2000,Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_mil tonfriedman.html.
79.John Connally,1917—1993,灵活的政治家,在两党之前骑墙。他是肯尼迪的海军部长,后任得克萨斯州州长,1963年11月,约翰F.肯尼迪在达拉斯遭暗杀时,他和肯尼迪在同一辆车上,并因之受伤;后出任尼克松政府的财政部长。
80.Stein, On the Other Hand, p.101.
81.同上,p.102.
82.William Safire,“Do Something!”The New York Times, February 14,1974.
83.Richard Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon(Arrow Books, London,1979),p.971.
84.George Shultz, in Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/tr_show01.html#l.
85.滞胀一词,据信是英国保守党财政发言人伊恩·麦克劳德在1965年第一次使用,但也有人说是保罗·萨缪尔森首创。
86.杰拉尔德·福特(Gerald Ford,1913—2006),原名Leslie Lynch King Jr.,国会长年议员,后升任副总统,尼克松因水门事件下台后,当上了美国第38任总统(1944—1977)。
87.艾伦·格林斯潘(Alan Greenspan)(1926—),美联储主席(1987~2006)。
88.Greenspans confirmation hearings were held on the day Nixon resigned.
89.“Historical Inflation,”InflationData. com, http://inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/HistoricalInflation.aspx?dsInflation_currentPage=2.
90.Interview of Milton Friedman, October 1,2000,Commanding Heights, PBS.
91.Alan Greenspan, The Age of Turbulence:Adventures in a New World(Penguin, London,2008),p.72.
92.Officially known as the“Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act.”
93.克努特大帝(Canute,985—1035),丹麦、英格兰、挪威、部分瑞典的海盗国王。
94.Jimmy Carter,“‘Crisis of Confidence’Speech,”July 15,1979,Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3402.
95.Jimmy Carter,“Anti-Inflation Program Speech,”October 24,1978,Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/5547.
96.保罗·沃尔克(Paul Volcker,1927—),卡特和里根任上的美联储主席(1979—1987),奥巴马总统经济复苏顾问委员会的主席(2008~)。