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17.战火重开
1.据Tom G.Palmer的说法,“你在整个中欧和东欧最常听到的一个名字,就是弗里德里希·哈耶克。《通往奴役之路》的盗版小册子以及罕见的英文版,流传得非常广。”Tom G.Palmer,“Why Socialism Collapsed in Eastern Europe,”Cato Policy Report, September/October 1990.
2.John Cassidy,“The Price Prophet,”The New Yorker, February 7,2000.
3.丹尼斯·希利(Denis Winston Healey, Baron Healey,1917—),英国财政大臣(1974~1979)。
4.Denis Healey, The Time of My Life(Michael Joseph, London,1989),p.491.
5.Quoted in“Austerity Alarm,”Economist, July 1,2010,www.economist.com/node/16485318.
6.Alan S.Blinder,“The Fall and Rise of Keynesian Economics,”Economic Record, December 1988.
7.罗伯特·卢卡斯(Robert Emerson Lucas Jr.,1937—),芝加哥学派经济学家,1995年诺贝尔经济学奖得主,新凯恩斯主义的创始人。他强调指出,在确定宏观经济总量时,个人经济决策和微观经济决策的理性预期非常重要。
8.Quoted in Brian Snowdon and Howard R.Vane, A Macroeconomics Reader(Routledge, London,1997),p.445.
9.James K.Galbraith, The Predator State:How Conservatives Abandoned the Free Market and Why Liberals Should Too(Free Press, New York,2008),p.4.
10.Quoted in Kevin A.Hassett,“The Second Coming of Keynes,”National Review, February 9,2009.
11.UCLA Oral History Program, p.195.
12.Robert E.Lucas Jr.,“Macroeconomic Priorities,”presidential address to the American Economic Association, January 10,2003,http://home.uchicago.edu/%7Esogrodow/homepage/paddress03.pdf.
13.福山(Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama,1952—),美国政治经济学家。
14.Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man(Simon&Schuster, New York,1992).
15.本·伯南克(Ben Bernanke,1953—),美联储主席(2006~),乔治W.布什的经济顾问委员会主席(2005~2006)。
16.Ben Bernanke, remarks at“A Conference to Honor Milton Friedman,”University of Chicago, Chicago, November 8,2002.
17.迈克尔·金斯利(Michael Kinsley,1951—),美国政治记者。
18.Michael Kinsly,“Greenspan Shrugged,”The New York Times, October 14,2007.
19.Greenspan, Age of Turbulence, p.68.
20.乔治H.W.布什(George H.W.Bush,1924—),驻联合国大使,美国中央情报局局长,第41任美国总统(1989~1993)。
21.戈登·杰科是Oliver Stone执导的电影《华尔街》(1987)里的英雄,其台词“贪婪是善”一语,据信来自Ivan Boesky(股票交易员,后因内幕交易定罪)1986年在加利福尼亚大学一次毕业典礼上的致辞。他说,“我认为贪婪是健康的。你可以既贪婪,同时又保持良好的自我感觉。”
22.约翰·泰勒(John Brian Taylor,1946—),美国经济学家,斯坦福大学经济学教授。
23.乔治·布什1945~1948年就读于耶鲁大学。
24.“巫术经济学”一语出自布什的新Peter Teeley,1978年4月,布什在宾夕法尼亚州候选人大会的讲演上用过。
25.迈克尔·杜卡基斯(Michael Stanley Dukakis,1933—),马萨诸塞州州长(1975~1979,1983~1991),民主党总统候选人(1988)。
26.布什1988年在新奥尔良共和党全国大会上所说的这句话,出自里根的讲演撰稿人Peggy Noonan。
27.Milton Friedman,“Oodoov Economics,”The New York Times, February 2,1992.
28.Quoted in Greenspan, Age of Turbulence, p.113.
29.比尔·克林顿(William Jefferson“Bill”Clinton,原名William Jefferson BlytheⅢ,1946—),阿肯色州州长,第43任美国总统(1993~2001)。
30.此举随后被称为是“历史上最大的一次增税”,尽管增税总额仅为320亿美元,占国民生产总值的0.5%,比里根1982年增税幅度还略少。见Tempalski,“Revenue Effects of Major Tax Bills.”
31.Quoted in Tom DeLay with Stephen Mansfield, No Retreat, No Surrender:One Americans Fight(Sentinel, New York,2007),p.115.
32.Newt Gingrich, Ed Gillespie, and Bob Schellhas, Contract with America(Times Books, New York,1994),p.7.
33.DeLay with Mansfield, No Retreat, No Surrender, p.112.
34.Interview of Newt Gingrich, Spring 2001,Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www/pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_newtgrich.html.
35.DeLay with Mansfield, No Retreat, No Surrender, p.112.
36.同上,p.115.
37.Collected Writings, vol.20:Activities 1929-31,p.147.
38.Greenspan, Age of Turbulence, p.147.
39.Kelly Wallace,“President Clinton Announces Another Record Budget Surplus,”CNN report, September 27,2000.
40.White House announcement, September 27,2000,http://clintoni.nara.gov/WH/new/html/Tue_Oct_3_l 13400_2000.html.
41.Alan Greenspan, interview with Tim Russert, Meet the Press, NBC, September 23,2000.
42.Greenspan, Age of Turbulence, p.145.
43.William Jefferson Clinton,“State of the Union Address,”January 23,1996,http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/New/other/sotu.html.
44.乔治W.布什(George Walker Bush,1946—),第43任美国总统。(2001~2009)。
45.处方药法在10年里额外耗费了5000亿美元。
46.Greenspan, Age of Turbulence, p.233.
47.Ron Suskind, The Price of Loyalty:George W.Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul ONeill(Simon&Schuster, New York,2004),p.291.
48.The Vietnam War cost 9.5 percent of GDP;the Korean War 14 percent.
49.Quoted in Republican senatorsnewsletter the American Sound, November 19,2003.
50.Gail Russell Chaddock,“US Spending Surges to Historic Level,”Christian Science Monitor, December 8,2003.
51.Stein, Presidential Economics, p.313.
52.Dick Armey,“End of the Revolution,”Wall Street Journal, November 9,2006.
53.Alan Greenspan, testimony before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, October 23,2008,quoted in“Greenspan‘Shocked’That Free Markets Are Flawed,”The New York Times, October 23,2008.
54.J.M.Keynes,“The Great Slump of 1930”(1930),in Collected Writings, vol.9:Essays in Persuasion, p.126.
55.Alan Greenspan,“Markets and the Judiciary,”Sandra Day OConnor Project Conference, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.,October 2,2008.
56.Collected Writings, vol.13:General Theory and After, Part 1,p.349.
57.Peter Clarke, Keynes:The Rise, Fall, and Return of the 20th Centurys Most Infuential Economist(Bloomsbury, New York,2009),p.19.
58.Interview of John Kenneth Galbraith, September 28,2000,Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_johnkennethgalbraith.html.
59.Justin Fox,“The Comeback Keynes,”Time, October 23,2008.Notes to Pages281-288/343.
60.同上。
61.同上。
62.Chris Edwards, on All Things Considered, NPR, January 29,2009.
63.贝拉克·奥巴马(Barack Hussein Obama II,1961),伊利诺伊州参议员,第44任美国总统,2008年当选。
64.President Obama, televised address, February 16,2010,in“Obama Says Stimulus Halted‘Catastrophe,’”Financial Times, February 17,2010.
65.保罗·克鲁格曼(Paul Krugman,1953—),美国经济学家,在普林斯顿大学及伦敦经济学院工作,2008年诺贝尔经济学奖得主。
66.Paul Krugman,“The Third Depression,”The New York Times, June 27,2010.
67.民粹主义的茶党崛起于2009年,是一个松散的联合体,对支持低税收、小政府、偿还政府债务的共和党派别持认同态度。