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4.荡寇志
1.哈耶克在说起自己第一次遇见凯恩斯的时候,叙述总是前后矛盾。1963年,他在美国芝加哥大学做名为“20世纪30年代从伦敦看经济学”(The Economics of the1930s as Seen from London, published in Collective Works, vol.9:Contra Keynes and Cambridge, p 59)的讲演中,他说:“1929年……我在一次国际会议上见到了他。”在《东方经济学家》(Oriental Economist)发表的一篇文章(vol.34,no.663,January 1966,pp.78-80,reproduced in ibid.,p.240)上,他写道:“我第一次见到他,是在1928年的伦敦。”凯恩斯文集里并未提及两人第一次见面的事。
2.伦敦和剑桥经济服务(LCES)由一个执行委员会管理,委员会成员包括伦敦经济学院和政治科学院的威廉·贝弗里奇和阿瑟·鲍利、剑桥的约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯和休伯特·亨德森。它的目的是以可用的形式提供现有的统计数据,制定新的指标,如股票价格、货币工资和工业生产等,从而为企业服务。
3.莱昂内尔C.罗宾斯,后成为罗宾斯勋爵(1898—1984),英国经济学家。
4.“Economics of the 1930s as Seen from London,”in Collected Works, vol. 9:Contra Keynes and Cambridge, p.59.
5.Hayek, Hayek on Hayek, p.78.
6.欧根·里特尔·冯·庞巴维克(1851—1914),维也纳的经济学家,卡尔·门格尔的弟子,路德维希·冯·米塞斯的老师,一贯对马克思持批评态度。庞巴维克出生于捷克斯洛伐克的布尔诺,当时它属于奥匈帝国的一部分。
7.威廉·亨利·贝弗里奇(William Henry Beveridge),贝弗里奇勋爵(1879—1963),英国经济学家,其1942年的报告《社会保险及相关服务问题》(Social Insurance and Allied Services)为日后工党构建福利国家和国民卫生服务提供了灵感。
8.Lionel Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist(Macmillan/St.Martins Press, London,1971),p.150.
9.Hayek, Hayek on Hayek, p.75.
10.同上。
11.F.A.Hayek,“The‘Paradox’of Saving,”first published in 1929 in Zeitschrift fur Nationaldkonomie, vol.1,no.3.See note 15 below.
12.瓦蒂尔·卡钦斯(Waddill Catchings,1879—1967),美国银行家,后转为经济学家,威廉·特鲁弗·福斯特(William Trufant Foster,1879—1950),美国经济学家,俄勒冈州波特兰里德学院的第一任院长。
13.W.T.Foster and W.Catchings,“The Dilemma of Drifts,”published by the Pollak Foundation, Newton, Mass.,1926.
14.赫伯特·克拉克·胡佛(Herbert Clark Hoover,1874—1964),美国商务部长(1921~1928),美国第31任总统(1929~1933)。
15.Hayek,“The‘Paradox’of Saving,”translated by Nicholas Kaldor and George Tugendhat, was published in Economica, vol.11,May 1931,and reproduced in Collected Works, vol.9:Contra Keynes and Cambridge, p.88.
16.同上,pp.118-119.
17.同上,p.119.
18.同上。
19.Hayek, Hayek on Hayek, p.77.
20.Hayek,“‘Paradox’of Saving,”in Collected Works, vol.9:Contra Keynes and Cambridge, pp.74-120.
21.Jorg Guido Hiilsmann, Mises:The Last Knight of Liberalism(Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, Ala.,2007),p.514.
22.Margit von Mises, My Years with Ludwig von Mises(Arlington House, New Rochelle, N.Y.,1976),p.44.
23.同上,p.85.
24.蒂尔顿是盖茨勋爵(Lord Gage)的产业,其祖上是盖茨将军,在美国独立战争的第一场战役邦克山之战(Battle of Bunker Hill)中任英军统帅,但打输了。
25.See J.M.Keynes and Lydia Lopokova, Lydia and Maynard:The Letters of Lydia Lopokova and John Maynard Keynes, ed.Polly Hill and Richard Keynes(Charles Scribners Sons, New York,1989).
26.Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol.2:Economist as Savior, p.285.
27.Harrod, Life of John Maynard Keynes, p.403.
28.Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol.2:Economist as Savior, p.314.
29.J.M.Keynes, A Treatise on Money(Macmillan, London,1930),p.vi.
30.Collected Writings, vol.13:The General Theory and After, Part 1,Preparation(Macmillan for the Royal Economic Society, London,1973),pp.19-22.
31.同上。
32.尽管凯恩斯将定义不同利率的功劳归给了维克塞尔,但他独立得出过同样的结论。
33.Keynes, Treatise on Money, p.408.
34.Harrod, Life of John Maynard Keynes, p.413.
35.Keynes, Treatise on Money, p.376.
36.Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol.2:Economist as Savior, p.297.
37.Collected Writings, vol.19:Activities 1922-9,p.765.
38.Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol.2:Economist as Savior, p.302.
39.Collected Writings, vol.9:Essays in Persuasion, p.91.
40.Collected Writings, vol.19:Activities 1922-9,p.825.
41.Collected Writings, vol.9:Essays in Persuasion, p.93.
42.同上,p.106.
43.Collected Writings, vol.20:Activities 1929—31:Rethinking Employment and Unemployment Policies(Macmillan for the Royal Economic Society, London,1981),p.148.
44.同上,p.76.
45.Harrod, Life of John Maynard Keynes, p.416.
46.Collected Writings, vol.20:Activities 1929-31,p.64.
47.同上,p.318.
48.同上,p.102.
49.同上,p.144.
50.Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, p.187.
51.Harrod, Life of John Maynard Keynes, p.429.
52.Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol.2:Economist as Savior, p.368.
53.Harrod, Life of John Maynard Keynes, p.427.
54.Collected Writings, vol.13:General Theory and After, Part 1,p.185.
55.Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, p.151.
56.Susan Howson and Donald Winch, The Economic Advisory Council,1930-1939:A Study in Economic Advice during Depression and Recovery(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.,1977),p.63.
57.Robbins, Autobiography of an Economist, p.152.
58.Norman Mackenzie and Jeanne Mackenzie, eds.,The Diary of Beatrice Webb, vol.4:“The Wheel of Life,”1924—1943(Virago, London,1985),p.260.