16.哈耶克的反击

1.Aaron Director，“Review of F.A.Hayek, The Road to Serfdom”American Economic Review, vol.35，no.1，March 1945，p.173.

2.Friedman and Friedman, Two Lucky People, p.58.

3.斯坦利·丹尼森（Stanley Dennison，1912—1992），剑桥大学经济学讲师（1945～1957），赫尔大学副校长（1972～1980）。

4.Milton Friedman and Anna D.Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States，1867—1960（Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.，1963）.

5.Friedmans definitive account of his monetary theory was“The Quantity of Money—A Restatement, an Essay in Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money，”in Friedman, ed.，Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money（University of Chicago Press, Chicago，1956）.

6.Milton Friedman，“The Role of Monetary Policy，”American Economic Association presidential address, December 29，1967，in American Economic Review, vol.58，no.1，March 1968.

7.Milton Friedman，“John Maynard Keynes，”in J.M.Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money（facsimile of 1936 edition reprinted by Verlag Wirtschaft und Finanzen GmbH, Dusseldorf，1989），p.11.

8.Robert J.Gordon, ed.，Milton Friedmans Monetary Framework：A Debate with His Critics（University of Chicago Press, Chicago，1974），pp.133-134.

9.Friedman，“John Maynard Keynes，”p.20.

10.同上，pp.21-22.

11.Friedman，“Foreword，”in Fritz Machlup, Essays on Hayek（Routledge, London，2003），p.xxi.

12.Friedman，“John Maynard Keynes，”p.21.

13.Barry M.Goldwater, Conscience of a Conservative（Victor, New York，1960），p.17.

14.Barry M.Goldwater with Jack Casserley, Goldwater（St.Martins Press, New York，1988），p.140.

15.Goldwater, Conscience of a Conservative, p.44.

16.Milton Friedman，“The Goldwater View of Economics，”The New York Times, October 11，1964.

17.Paul Samuelson, The New York Times, October 25，1964.

18.罗纳德·里根（Ronald Reagan，1911—2004），好莱坞演员，加利福尼亚州州长，美国第40任总统。

19.Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, The Reagan Revolution（E.P.Dutton, New York，1981），p.237.

20.同上。

21.Ronald Reagan，“Time for Choosing，”address broadcast on television, October 27，1964.

22.纽特·金里奇（Newton Leroy“Newt”Gingrich，1943—），原名Newton Leroy McPherson。完成了有关比利时1945～1960年在刚果的教育政策博士论文后，他在西佐治亚大学任教，于1978年当选为众议院议员。后任众议院议长（1995～1999）。

23.Interview of Newt Gingrich, Spring 2001，Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/int_newtgingrich.pdf.

24.Friedman and Friedman, Two Lucky People, p.388.

25.同上，p.386.

26.同上，pp.386-387.

27.Milton Friedman, in Commanding Heights, PBS, http://wwwZpbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/tr_show01.html#l.

28.Herbert Stein, Presidential Economics（Simon＆Schuster, New York，1985），p.255.

29.Paul Samuelson，“A Few Remembrances of Friedrich von Hayek（1899-1992）.”

30.贡纳尔·默达尔（Gunnar Myrdal，1898—1987），瑞典经济学家和政府部长，他在非裔美国人生活条件上的开创性研究工作，引领了“让所有美国人受到教育”活动，并最终体现在了Brown v.Board of Education一案最高法院的裁决当中。弗里德曼在哥伦比亚遇到他数次，认为他“非常迷人和聪明”。Friedman and Friedman, Two Lucky People, p.78.

31.同上。

32.Interview of Ralph Harris, July 17，2000，Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_ralphharris.html.

33.George H.Nash，“Hayek and the American Conservative Movement，”lecture given to the Intercollegiate Studies Institute Indianapolis Conference, Indianapolis, Ind.，April 32004，www.isi.org/lectures/text/pdf/hayek4-3-04.pdf.

34.Hayek gave his Nobel address on December 11，1974.

35.F.A.Hayek，“The Pretence of Knowledge，”quoted in Assar Lindbeck, ed.，Nobel Lectures in Economic Sciences 1969—1980（World Scientific, Singapore，1992），p.179.

36.UCLA Oral History Program, p.195.

37.Milton Friedman，“Inflation and Unemployment，”Nobel Memorial Lecture, December，13，1976，http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1976/friedmanlecture.pdf.

38.A full account of the leadersh；contest can be found in Nicholas Wapshott, Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher：A Political Marriage（Sentinel, New York，2007），pp.76-82.

39.Ralph Harris对此事表示怀疑，2000年7月17日，他对PBS Commanding Heights的调查员说，“牛津大学的一个理科学生，是否会把《通往奴役之路》列入自己的读书单，我很怀疑。它没那么好找，书评也不多。它只会出现在某些学者的论文里。”

40.John Ranelagh, Thatchers People：An Insiders Account of the Politics, the Power, and the Personalities（HarperCollins, London，1991），p.ix.

41.该共识被称为“Butskellism”，因为它将两种近乎完全相同的方法融合到了政府当中，其一来自保守党的R.A.Butler，其二来自工党领袖Hugh Gaitskell。

42.Nicholas Wapshott and George Brock, Thatcher（Macdonald/Futura, London，1983），p.176.

43.Interview of Ralph Harris, July 17，2000，Commanding Heights, PBS.

44.Laurence Hayek, in Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/tr_show01.html#l.

45.Margaret Thatcher, in ibid.

46.Nicholas Kaldor, The Economic Consequences of Mrs.Thatcher：Speeches in the House of Lords，1979-82，ed.Nick Butler（Duckworth, London，1983）.

47.Margaret Thatcher，“The Ladys Not for Turning，”Guardian, April 30，2007，full text at http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2007/apr/30/conservatives.ukl.The phrase“The ladys not for turning”was adapted by Thatcher‘s chief phrase maker, the dramatist Ronald Millar, from the title of Christopher Fry’s 1948 play The Ladys Not for Burning.

48.Thatcher, House of Commons, February 5，1981.www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104593.

49.撒切尔夫人是公立学校出身，出身于私立学校的保守派对头本来用这样的词来侮辱她，她便借用过来还击对手。故此，她把那些拒绝她强硬经济政策、有着贵族价值观的人称为“窝囊废”（wets），把赞同她的人称为“好样的”（dries）。为确定一名保守派到底站在哪一边，她会问，“他是我们的人吗？”

50.For a full account of the implementation of Thatchers monetarist policies, see Wapshott and Brock, Thatcher, pp.183-212.

51.该智囊团是Centre for Policy Studies，由Sir Keith Joseph and Margaret Thatcher共同创办，由前马克思主义者Alfred Sherman运营。

52.于尔格·尼汉斯（Jurg Niehans，1919—2007）瑞士货币主义经济学家，经济史学家，伯尔尼大学和约翰霍普金斯大学教授（1966～1977）。

53.Milton Friedman, BBC interview, March 1983，quoted in Hugo Young, The Iron Lady：A Biography of Margaret Thatcher（Noonday Press, New York，1990），p.319.

54.Ronald Reagan, in Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/tr_show01.html#l.

55.马丁·安德森（Martin Anderson，1936—），经济学家，里根总统1976～1980年选举活动期间的高级政策顾问，国外情报顾问委员会的成员（1980～1986）。

56.Martin Anderson, Revolution：The Reagan Legacy（Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego，1990），p.267.

57.Paul Volcker, in Commanding Heights, PBS, http://wwwZpbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/tr_show01.html#l.

58.同上。

59.George Shultz, in Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/tr_show01.html#l.里根坚信有必要来一场经济衰退，但他的财政部长Donald Regan为免总统改变主意，把赌注下在了另一边，对媒体和国会展开了一场“Fed bashing”造谣活动，把糟糕的经济消息归咎于沃尔克。

60.亚瑟·拉弗（Arthur Laffer，1940—），美国财政保守派经济学家，自由意志论者，芝加哥大学商学院教授。

61.Collected Writings, vol.9：Essays in Persuasion, p.338.

62.Interview of Hayek，“Business People；A Nobel Winner Assesses Reagan，”The New York Times, December 1，1982.

63.John Kenneth Galbraith，“Recession Economics，”New York Review of Books, February 4，1982.

64.Mondale speech in Springfield，111.，in Steven M.Gillon, The DemocratsDilemma：Walter F.Mondale and the Liberal Legacy（Columbia University Press, New York，1995），p.371.

65.All figures from Arthur Laffer, The Laffer Curve：Past, Present and Future, Executive Summary Backgrounder No.1765（Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C.，June 2004）.

66.Jerry Tempalski，“Revenue Effects of Major Tax Bills，”OTA Working Paper 81，Office of Tax Analysis, U.S.Treasury Department, Washington, D.C.，July 2003.

67.Milton Friedman, in Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show01.html.

68.Defense figures expressed in constant 2000 dollars.U.S.Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables：Budget of the United States Government，2006（Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.，2005），table 6.1.

69.同上。

70.John Case，“Reagans Economic Legacy，”Inc.，October 1，1988.

71.Stein, Presidential Economics, p.308.

72.Reagan speech to Gridiron Club, March 24，19＆4，quoted in Lou Cannon, President Reagan：The Role of a Lifetime（PublicAffairs, New York，2000），p.100.

73.Quoted in Holcomb B.Noble，“Milton Friedman, Free Markets Theorist, Dies at 94，”The New York Times, November 16，2006.

74.Interview of John Kenneth Galbraith, September 28，2000，Commanding Heights, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_johnkennet hgalbraith.html.