参考文献

[1] 《中国统计年鉴2004》，第23页。

[2] 作者注：2006年1月26日，国务院正式发布《农村五保供养工作条例》，定于2006年3月1日施行。农村五保供养从农村集体供养转为财政供养。农村五保供养，是指在吃、穿、住、医、葬方面给与村民的生活照顾和物资帮助。老年、残疾或者未满16周岁的村民，无劳动能力、无生活来源又无法定赡养、抚养、扶养义务人，或者其法定赡养、抚养、扶养义务人无赡养、抚养、扶养能力的，享受农村五保供养待遇。农村五保供养资金，在地方人民政府财政预算中安排。对地方困难地区的农村五保供养，由中央财政在资金上给遇适当补助。（《人民日报》海外版2006年1月27日第4版）

至2005年底，全国五保对象570多万，已纳入到五保供养的有320多万，平均年生活标准是900多元。（《人民日报》海外版2006年1月25日第4版）

[3] 联合国，2003年，《人类发展报告》

[4] 《中国日报》7/11/2003：1

[5] 《中国日报》4/26/2004：6

[6] 《中国日报》3/17/2004：6

[7] 《中国日报》7/7/2004：1

[8] 作者注：温家宝总理在2006年政府工作报告中指出：“建设社会主义新农村，必须加强农村基础设施建设。要下决心调整投资方向，把国家对基础设施建设投入的重点转向农村，这是一个重大转变。主要是加强以小型水利设施为重点的农田基本建设，加强防汛抗旱和减灾体系建设，加强农村道路、饮水、沼气、电网、通讯的基础设施和人居环境建设，加强教育、卫生、文化的农村公共设施建设。主要措施是：逐年加大国家财政投资和信贷资金对农业、农村的投入；整合各种渠道的支农资金，提高资金使用效益；积极引导农民对直接受益的公益设施建设投资投劳；鼓励和引导社会各类资经投向农村建设，逐步建立合理、稳定和有效的资金投入机制。通过坚持不懈地努力，使农村基础设施有一个大的改善。… …

突出抓好医疗卫生工作。着眼于逐步解决群众看病难、看病贵的问题，主要抓好三个方面：一是加快农村医疗卫生服务体系建设。启动《农村卫生服务体系建设与发展规划》，健全县、乡、村三级医疗卫生服务体系和网络；五年内国家财政将投入200多亿元，对乡镇卫生院和部分县医院房屋和设备经进行改造。加快推进新型农村合作医疗制度建设，今年把试点范围扩大到全国40%的县，中央和地方财政对参加合作医疗农民的补助标准由20元提高到40元，中央财政为此将增加支出42亿元。到2008年，要在全国农村基本建立新型合作医疗制度和医疗救助制度。实行城市医疗卫生人员定期到农村服务的制度。”（《人民日报》海外版2006年3月16日第2版）

[9] 《中国统计年鉴2004》，第122-123页。

25600万城市劳动力 – 4000万干部 – 1500万准干部 – 500万城市资产阶级 + 17600万农民工 = 37200万中国工人阶级

[10] 《中国统计年鉴2004》，第122-123页。

[11] 作者注：银行投资保，两电加一草，石油加石化，扫地都不少。

[12] 作者注：极少数下岗工人中的中专生、技校生，去外企做销售，有做到年薪10万、20万、30万人民币的。

[13] 作者注：据民政部报告，至2005年底，城市农村低保分别达到2200多万人和700多万人，经常性社会救助超过5000万人。城市最低生活保障制度面向城市困难群体，主要为下岗职工、失业人员和他们的家属。全国城市最低生活保障对象现在已经有2200多万人，平均每月补助标准是167元，实际补差额是72元。由于地区经济发展水平和生活消费的差异，各地的补助标准和补差标准有所不同。中央财政安排专项资金，对各地实施这项制度给与补助，起到了主要的支撑作用。（《人民日报》海外版2006年1月25日第4版）

在个别地区，未到退休年龄的、找不到工作的下岗工人，也有领不到任何救济的情况。有的变为“吃老族”。有的人去做一些劳动强度很低、但工资低到农民工都不会干的工作，如扫地、看大门、晚上睡店铺，等等。

[14] 详见Chen Michelle “The Jobless：Victim of China’s Economic Success.” Asian Times, 4/5/2004

[15] 作者注：截至2005年12月底，中国参加养老保险的人数达到1.74亿人，已连续两年实现当期无基本养老金拖欠。2006年底以前中国实行新的基本养老金计发办法：1997年前退休的“老人”，仍然按照原来的标准领取基本养老金，并随着养老金的调整同步提高待遇；1997年后参加工作的“新人”，将来领取的基础养老金部分与缴费年限挂钩，总体上待遇会略有提高；1997年前参加工作但尚未退休的“中人”，除了按规定领取基础养老金和账户养老金之外，还要根据他们缴费年限的长短，发给一定的过渡性养老金。（《人民日报》海外版2006年1月23日第4版）

根据这个总的精神，2005年12月国务院发布了《关于完善企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》（人民日报》海外版2005年12月16日第四版）

[16] 作者注：2006年1月18日国务院常务会议审议并原则通过《国务院关于农民工问题的若干意见》。会议强调，农民工是中国改革开放和工业化、城镇化过程中涌现出来的一支新型劳动大军。他们为城市繁荣、农村发展和国家现代化建设做出了重大贡献。解决农民工问题要坚持公平对待，一视同仁；强化服务，完善管理；统筹规划，合理引导；因地制宜，分类指导；立足当前，着眼长远。当前要着力做好以下几方面的工作：（一）抓紧解决农民工工资偏低和拖欠问题。严格规范用人单位工资支付行为，建立工资支付监督制度和工资保证金制度，确保农民工工资按时足额发放。严格执行最低工资制度，制定和推行小时最低工资制度。（二）依法规范农民工劳动管理。严格执行劳动合同制度，加强对用人单位订立和履行劳动合同的指导和监督。依法保障农民工职业安全卫生权益。切实保护女工和未成年工权益，严格禁止使用童工。（三）搞好农民工就业服务和职业技术培训。进一步清理和取消各种针对农民工进城就业的歧视性规定和不合理限制。（四）积极稳妥地解决农民工社会保障问题。依法将农民工纳入工伤保险范围，抓紧解决农民工大病医疗保障，探索适合农民工特点的养老保险办法。（五）切实为农民工提供相关公共服务。按照属地化管理的原则，逐步健全覆盖农民工的城市公共服务体系。保障农民工子女平等接受义务教育，搞好计划生育管理和服务，多渠道改善农民工居住条件。（六）健全维护农民工权益的保障机制。保障农民工依法享有的民主权利，保护农民工土地承包权益。加大维护农民工权益的执法力度。（七）促进农村劳动力就地就近转移。大力发展乡镇企业和县城经济，提高小城镇产业集聚和人口吸纳能力，扩大当地转移就业容量。（《人民日报》海外版2006年1月20日第1版）

[17] 《中国日报》2/9/2004：6

[18] 《中国统计年鉴2004》，第150页

[19] 《中国统计年鉴2004》，第150页

[20] 《中国日报》11/29-30/2003：4

[21] 近来，中国媒体的一个热门话题是中国社会的“仇富”情绪。

[22] 中央社（台湾） 2/18/2003.

[23] 作者注：译稿在传阅过程中，有学者对此提出如下见解：关于阶级的消亡、产生、重生，社会学界历来有两种看法，一种是看人口的构成，包括数量、空间、密度等，有一系列指标。另一种是看其社会行为与阶级意识。我主张二者结合。因此，依我看，中国无论正消亡还是正产生、重生的阶级，均无标志性社会行动（政治的）亦无自我认同的阶级意识。总之，它们没有阶级的经历、事件和由经历、事件而发生的自我认同和阶级意志。孙立平在近作《博弈》中说，中国的政治稳定，社会失衡，各阶级集团进行多元的经济利益博弈，不触动政治基础。所说的就是这个意思。用马克思的话说，即农民无自觉阶级意识，要他人代表，工人是工团主义、经济主义。大家都按经济利益的规矩玩，没有谁反规矩。如果中国当代相当于西欧1848－1872，则与西欧不同的是，提出和谐社会口号时，西欧出现合法性危机，中国提出和谐社会口号却没有合法性危机了，这是很有趣却值得深思的事。

[24] 《社会学研究》，2001，16（5）：68

[25] “Chinese Fight A New Kind of Land War：Many Citizens Battling Tide of Development”．Washington Post, 9/14/2003, page A01

[26] 作者注：沈阳大案显示，这种组织甚至可以发展到大都市，并与省级官员有牵连。

[27] 作者注：（一）世界500强企业，中国只有10个；（二）世界100强大学，中国一个没有；（三）中国尖端武器研制能力与世界先进水平的距离正在拉大。作为一个世界体系中的后发者，中国要进世界500强企业、100强大学、要研制尖端武器，不得不主要依靠公有部门，而不是非公部门。公有部门是由干部（公务员）而不是资产阶级领导的。这就是李毅模式把干部阶级置于资产阶级之上的根本原因。

[28] 《中国干部统计五十年1949-1998》：第29-30页

[29] 《中国日报》3/14-18/2003

[30] 专业技术人员详见表5-2

[31] 作者注：一些基层和边远地区的干部（公务员）和中小学教师的收入和社会声望一直并不很高。现在一些内陆地区的退休干部的月工资也只有500到700元。1979年以前就有一种说法：“27级干部是个逑!” 但综合考虑财富、权力、社会声望，总体说来，干部阶级（现在分为公务员、干部、准干部）高于工人阶级，应是可以成立的。不久前，出现50多名大学毕业生报考一名公务员的情况，是又一个佐证。

[32] 作者注：士的风貌的丧失，从中国留美学生（人士）的状况亦可见一斑。解放前从大陆和解放后从台湾来的中国留学生，终其一生，大多能保持一个士的风貌。九二年以前大陆毕业的大学生，不管骨子里面品质如何，来美后在外表上多多少少也还能保有一些士的风貌。九二年以后大陆毕业的大学生，士风迅失，而市侩习气日增；有些人在有些场合（如所谓的BBS），有时竟是一幅地痞、流氓、无赖的嘴脸。

[33] 作者注：“保先”和“八荣八耻”同时也是对士的精神的召唤。

[34] 作者注：译稿在传阅过程中，有学者对此提出如下见解：中产阶级的产生是有问题的。中产阶级不等于中层等级。中产阶级的产生要有两个阶级的主体意识的产生为前提。（至少西方中产阶级是这样）。一、工人阶级或底层阶级有了自觉的阶级意识；二、上层阶级有自觉的自我意识、主体意识。而这两个主体意识是在双方的阶级冲突、斗争中产生的。于是，有了既区别于下层阶级，又区别于上层阶级的中产阶级及其意识。而中国的“工人阶级”、“资产阶级”都从计划体制内产生，一母同胞，都未与官府断奶，哪有独立的阶级意识和行为？因此，中产阶级产生也就成了屁话。所以，我也同意你那一句：中国中产阶级在哪里？

[35] 《人民日报(海外版)》6/10/2003：1

[36] 《中国统计年鉴2004》，第21页

[37] 《中国统计年鉴2004》，第122页

[38] 《中国统计年鉴2004》，第123页

[39] 作者注；中国统一的过程，也是大陆、台、港、澳资产阶级形成一个统一的中国资产阶级的过程。

[40] 《金融时报》6/21/2004：8

附录一：中国社会分层研究英文文献

图书名称：中国社会分层的结构与演变

图书作者：李毅 ISBN：0-7618-3331-5

出版社：University Press of America 出版日期：2005年11月

Watson, James L (ed.) 1984．Class and Social Stratification in Post-Revolution China．Cambridge University Press.

Li, Yi．2005．The Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification．University Press of America.

Firebaugh, Glenn．2003．The New Geography of Global Income Inequality．Harvard University Press.

Origin

Eberhard, Wolfram．1962．Social Mobility in Traditional China．Netherlands：E.J．Brill.

Ho, Ping-Ti．1976．The Ladder of Success in Imperial China：Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368-1911．Columbia University Press.

Marsh, Robert M．(1961) 1980．The Mandarins：The Circulation of Elites in China, 1600-1900．The Free Press.

Chow, Yung-teh．1966．Social Mobility in China：Status Careers among the Gentry in a Chinese Community．New York：Atherton Press.

Elman, Benjamin A．2000．A Cultural History of Civil Examination in Late Imperial China．University of California Press.

Chang, Chung-li．1955．Chinese Gentry：Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society．University of Washington Press.

Esherick, Joseph W．and Rankin, Mary Backus (eds.) 1990．Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance．University of California Press.

Fei, Xiaotong．(1953) 1968．China’s Gentry．University of Chicago Press.

Peasant

Fei, Xiaotong．1992 (1947)．From the Soil：The Foundations of Chinese Society．University of California Press.

Fei, Xiaotong．1947 (1939)．Peasant Life in China：A Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley．London：Kegan Paul.

Prazniak, Roxann．1999．Of Camel Kings and other Things：Rural Rebels against Modernity in Late Imperial China．Rowman & Littlefield.

Hinton, William．1997 (1966)．Fanshen：A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village．University of California Press.

Crook, Isabel and David．1959．Revolution in a Chinese Village Ten Mile Inn．Routledge.

Endicott, Stephen．1988．Red Earth：Revolution in a Chinese Sichuan Village．New York：New Amsterdam Books.

Friedman, Edward et al．1991．Chinese Village, Socialist State．Yale University Press.

Potter, Sulamith Heins and Potter, Jack M．1990．China’s Peasants：The Anthropology of a Revolution．Cambridge University Press.

Huang Shu-min．1998．The Spiral Road：Change in a Chinese Village Through the Eyes of a Communist Party Leader．Second Edition．Westview Press.

Ruf, Gregory A．1998．Cadres and Kin：Making a Socialist Village West China, 1921-1991．Stanford University Press.

Seybolt, Peter J．1996．Throwing the Emperor from His Horse：Portrait of a Village Leader in China, 1923-1995．Westview Press.

Gao, Mobo．1999．Gao Village：A Portrait of Rural Life in Modern China．University of Hawaii Press.

Chan, Anita et al．1992．Chen Village under Mao and Deng．University of California Press.

Gilley, Bruce．2001．Model Rebels：The Rise and Fall of China’s Richest Village．University of California Press.

Zhou, Kate Xiao．1996．How the Farmers Changed China：Power of the People．Westview Press.

Vermeer, Eduard B et al．(eds)．1998．Cooperative and Collective in China’s Rural Development：Between State and Private Interests．M．E．Sharpe.

Khan, Azizur Rahman and Carl Riskin．2001．Inequality and Poverty in China in the Age of Globalization．Oxford University Press.

Bernstein, Thomas P．and Lu Xiaobo．2003．Taxation without Representation in Contemporary Rural China．Cambridge University Press.

Wright, Daniel B．2003．The Promise of the Revolution：Stories of Fulfillment and Struggle in China’s Hinterland．Rowman & Littlefield.

The Household Registration System

Solinger, Dorothy J．1999．Contesting Citizenship in Urban China：Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market.University of California Press.

Wang, Fei-Ling．2004．“Reformed Migration Control and New Targeted People：China’s Hukou System in the 2000s.” The China Quarterly 177:115-132.

Kam, Wing Chan and Li Zhang．1999．“The Hukou System and Rural-Urban Migration in China：Processes and Changes.” The China Quarterly：831-840.

Cheng, Tiejun and Mark Selden．1994．“The Origins and Social Consequences of China’s Hukou System.” The China Quarterly139：644-668.

Worker

Smith, S．A．2002．Like Cattle and Horses：Nationalism and Labor in Shanghai, 1895-1927．Duke University Press.

Honig, Emily．1986．Sisters and Strangers：Women in the Shanghai Cotton Mills, 1919 – 1949．Stanford University Press.

Hershatter, Gail．1986．The Workers of Tianjin, 1900 – 1949．Stanford University Press.

Zhang, Li．2001．Strangers in the City：Reconfigurations of Space, Power, and Social Networks within China’s Population.Stanford University Press.

Murphy, Rache．2002．How Migrant Labor is Changing Rural China．Cambridge University Press.

Chan, Anita．2001．China’s Workers under Assault：The Exploitation of Labor in a Globalizing Economy．M.E．Sharpe.

Sargeson, Sally．1999．Reworking China’s Proletariat．St．Martin’s Press.

O’Leary, Greg (ed)．1998．Adjusting to Capitalist：Chinese Workers and the State．M．E．Sharpe.

Sheehan, Jackie．1998．Chinese Workers：A New History．Routledge.

Capitalist

Kwan, Man Bun．2001．The Salt Merchants of Tianjin：State-Making and Civil Society in Late Imperial China．University of Hawaii Press.

Bergere, Marie-Claire．1989．The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie 1911-1937．Cambridge University Press.

Coble, Parks M．1986．The Shanghai Capitalists and the Nationalist Government, 1927-1937．Harvard University Press.

Pearson, Margaret M．1997．China’s New Business Elite：The Political Consequences of Economic Reform．University of California Press.

Malik, Rashid．1997．Chinese Entrepreneurs in the Economic Development of China．Praeger.

Dickson, Bruce, J．2003．Red Capitalists in China：The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change.Cambridge University Press.

Krug, Barbara．2004．China’s Rational Entrepreneurs：The Development of the New Private Sector．Routledge.

Cadre

Schwarcz, Vera．1986．The Chinese Enlightenment：Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919.University of California Press.

Xu, Xiaoqun．2001．Chinese Professionals and the Republican State：The Rise of Professional Association in Shanghai, 1912-1937．Cambridge University Press.

Barnett, A Dork．1967．Cadres, Bureaucracy, and Political Power in Communist China．Columbia University Press.

Harding, Harry．1981．Organizing China：The Problem of Bureaucracy 1949-1976．Stanford University Press.

Lee, Hong Yung．1991．From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrat in Socialist China．University of California Press.

Cao, Cong．2004．China’s Scientific Elite．Routledge.

Mulvenon, James C．1997．Professionalization of the Senior Chinese Officer Corps：Trends and Implications．Rand.

Liu, Xiuwu．2001．Jumping into the Sea：From Academics to Entrepreneurs in South China．Rowman and Littlefield.

Hao Zhidong．2003．Intellectuals at a Crossroads：The Changing Politics of China’s Knowledge Workers．State University of New York Press.

Lu, Xiaobu．2000．Cadres and Corruption ：The Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party．Stanford Univerity Press.

附录二：研究中国的社会学英文文献简编

图书名称：中国社会分层的结构与演变

图书作者：李毅 ISBN：0-7618-3331-5

出版社：University Press of America 出版日期：2005年11月

社会学中国研究英文文献简编

Basic Readings for Sociology of China

Geography

Liu, Yue (ed)．2000．The Atlas of Population, Environment and Sustainable Development of China．New York and Beijing：Science Press.

Veeck, Gregory and others．2006．China’s Geography：Globalization and the Dynamics of Political, Economic, and Social Change.Rowman & Littlefield.

Donald, Stephanie Hemelryk and Robert Benewick．2005．The State of China Atlas：Mapping the World's Fastest Growing Economy．University of California Press.

History

MacNair, Harley Farnsworth (ed)．1946．China．University of California Press.

Fairbank, John King and Goldman, Merle．1998．China：A New History．Harvard University Press.

Cohen, Warren I．2001．East Asia at the Center：Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World．Columbia University Press.

The Cambridge History of Ancient China：From the Origin of Civilization to 221 B.C.

The Cambridge History of China.

Vol．1：The Qin and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220

Vol．2:

Vol．3：Sui and Tang China, 589-906 A.D.

Vol．4:

Vol．5:

Vol．6：Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368

Vol．7：The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1

Vol．8：The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 2

Vol．9：The Qing Empire to 1800.

Vol．10：Late Qing 1800-1870

Vol．11：Late Qing 1870-1911

Vol．12：Republican China, 1912-1949, Part 1

Vol．13：Republican China 1912-1949, Part 2

Vol．14：The People’s Republic 1949-1966

Vol．15：The People’s Republic 1966-1982

Spence, Jonathan D．1999．The Search for Modern China．W．W．Norton.

Spence, Jonathan D．and Annping Chin．1995．Chinese Century：A Photographic History of the Last Hundred Years．Random House.

Wang, Dong．2005．China’s Unequal Treaties：Narrating National History．Rowman & Littlefield.

Hsu, Chung-yueh．2000．The Rise of Modern China．6th Edition．Oxford University Press.

Descriptive Statistics

Mitchell, B．R．2003．International Historical Statistics 1750-2000, 4th ed．(3 volumes) Palgrave.

The World Bank．World Development Report．Oxford University Press.

China State Statistical Bureau．China Statistical Yearbook．China Statistical Publishing House.

China Reader

De Bary, Wm．Theodore and Bloom, Irene (eds)．1999．Sources of Chinese Tradition, Vo．I．Columbia University Press.

De Bary, Wm．Theodore and Lufrano, Richard (eds)．2000．Sources of Chinese Tradition, Vo．2．Columbia University Press.

Schurmann, Franz and Schell, Orville (eds)．1967．The China Reader．Random House.

1．Imperial China：The Decline of the Last Dynasty and the Origins of Modern China The 18th and 19th Centuries.

2．Republican China：Nationalism, War, and the Rise of Communism 1911-1949.

3．Communist China：Revolutionary Reconstruction and International Confrontation 1949 to the Present.

Milton, David et al．(eds)．1974．The China Reader．Vintage Books.

4．People’s China：Social Experimentation, Politics, Entry onto the World Scene 1966 through 1972.

Schell, Orville and Shambaugh, David (eds)．1999．The China Reader：The Reform Era．Vintage Books.

Saich, Tony (ed)．1996．The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party：Documents and Analysis．M.E．Sharpe.

Cheng, Pei-Kai et al．(eds)．1999．The Search for Modern China：A Documentary Collection．W．W．Norton.

United States and China

Vogel, Ezra F．(ed)．1997．Living with China：U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-first Century．W．W．Norton.

Vogel, Ezra F．et al．(ed.) 2002．The Golden Age of the U.S.-China-Japan Triangle, 1972-1989．Harvard University Press.

Burr, Milliam (ed)．1998．The Kissinger Transcripts：The Top Secret Talks with Beijing and Moscow．New Press.

Cohen, Warren I．2000．American’s Response to China：A History of Sino-American Relations, 4th Edition．Columbia University Press.

Schaller, Michael．2002．The U.S．and China：Into the Twenty-first Century, 3rd Edition．Oxford University Press.

Chen, Jian．2001．Mao’s China and the Cold War．The University of North Carolina Press.

Harding, Harry．1992．A Fragile Relationship：The United States and China since 1972．The Brooking Institution.

Kennedy, Scott (ed)．2003．China Cross Talk：the American Debate over China Policy since Normalization：a Reader．Rowman & Littlefield.

Garrison, Jean A．2005．Making China Policy：From Nixon to G.W．Bush．Lynne Rienner.

Political Economy

(Ideology)

Twohey, Michael．1999．Authority and Welfare in China：Modern Debates in Historical Perspective．St．Martin’s Press.

(Economy)

Dahlman, Carl J．and Jean-Eric Aubert．2001．China and the Knowledge Economy：Seizing the 21st Century．The World Bank.

Maddison, Angus．1998．Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run．OECD.

Reardon, Lawrence C．2002．The Reluctant Dragon：Crisis Cycles in Chinese Foreign Economic Policy．University of Washington Press.

Lin, Yifu et al．2003．The China Miracle：Development Strategy and Economic Reform．Revised Edition．Hong Kong：The Chinese University Press.

Nolan, Peter．2004．China at the Crossroads．Cambridge (UK)：Polity Press.

Wei, Yehuan．2000．Regional Development in China：States, Globalization, and Inequality．Routledge.

Feigenbaum, Evan A．2003．China’s Techno-Warriors：National Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear to the Information Age．Stanford University Press.

Huang, Yasheng．2003．Selling China：Foreign Direct Investment during the Reform Era．Cambridge University Press.

(Goverment)

Kiser, Edgar and Yong Cai．2003．“War and Bureaucratization in Qin China：Exploring an Anomalous Case.” American Sociological Review 68:511-539.

Lieberthal, Kenneth．1995．Governing China：from revolution through reform．W.W．Norton & Company.

Shambaugh, David (ed)．2000．The Modern Chinese State．Cambridge University Press.

Saich, Tony．2004．Governance and Politics of China．2nd ed．Palgrave.

Swaine, Michael D．and Tellis, Ashley J．2000．Interpreting China’s Grand Strategy：Past, Present, and Future．Rand.

Shambaugh, David．2002．Modernizing China’s Military：Progress, Problems, and Prospects．University of California Press.

Ogden, Suzanne．2002．Inklings of Democracy in China．Harvard University Press.

Macro Sociology

(Summary)

Evans, Peter B and Stephens, John D．1988．“Development and the World Economy”, in Handbook of Sociology, edited by Neil J．Smelser．Sage.

Whyte, Martin King, Vogel, Ezra F．and Parish Jr., William L．1977．“Social Structure of World Regions：ainland China.” Annual Review of Sociology 3：179-207.

Walder, Andrew G．1989．“Social Change in Post-Revolution China.” Annual Review of Sociology 15：405-24.

Nee, Victor and Rebecca Matthews．1996．“Market Transition and Societal Transformation in Reforming State Socialism.” Annual Review of Sociology 22:401-35.

Bian, Yanjie．2002．“Chinese Social Stratification and Social Mobility.” Annual Review of Sociology 28：91-116.

(Before the Chinese Revolution)

Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Thomas D Hall．1997．Rise and Demise：Comparing World-Systems．Westview Press.

Eisenstadt, S．N．1993 (1963)．The Political Systems of Empires．New Jersey：Transaction Publishers.

McNeill, William H．1982．The Pursuit of Power：Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A.D．1000．University of Chicago Press.

Kennedy, Paul．1987．The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers：Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000．Random House.

Frank, André Gunder．1998．ReOrient：Global Economy in the Asian Age．University of California Press.

Pomeranz, Kenneth．2000．The Great Divergence：China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy．Princeton University Press.

Marks, Robert B．2002．The Origin of the Modern World：A Global and Ecological Narrative．Romwan & Littlefiled.

(The Chinese Revolution)

Skinner, G．William．2001．Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China, Sixth Edition．Assoication of Asian Studies.

Moore, Barrington．1966．Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy：Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world.Beacon Press.

Bianco, Lucien．1971．Origins of the Chinese Revolution．Stanford University Press.

Skocpol, Theda．1979．States and Social Revolutions：A comparative analysis of France, Russia, and China．Cambridge University Press.

Schrecker, John E．2004．The Chinese Revolution in Historical Perspective．2nd Ed．Praeger.

(After the Chinese Revolution)

Balazs, Atone．1964．Chinese Civilization and Bureaucracy．Yale University Press.

Boswell, Terry and Chase-Dunn Christopher．2000．The Spiral of Capitalism and Socialism．Lynne Rienner.

Vogel, Ezra F．1991．The Four Little Dragons：The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia．Harvard University Press.

Wallerstein, Immanuel．1999．The End of the World as We know it：Social Science for the twenty-first Century．University of Minnesota Press.

Kissinger, Henry．2001．Does America Need a Foreign Policy：Towards a Diplomacy for the 21st Century．Simon & Schuster.

(Methodology)

Lieberson, Stanley and Freda B．Lynn．2002．“Barking up the Wrong Branch：Scientific Alternative to the Current Model of Sociological Science.” Annual Review of Sociology 28：1-19.

Mahoney, James．2004．“Comparative-Historical Methodology.” Annual Review of Sociology 30:81- 101.

Feagin, Joe R et al．1991．“Conclusion：The Present Crisis in U.S．Sociology.” A Case for the Case Study．University of North Carolina Press.

Mahoney, James and Dietrich Rueschemeyer (ed)．2003．Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences．Cambridge University Press.

Delanty, Gerard and Engin E．Isin (ed)．2003．Handbook of Historical Sociology．Sage.

Neuman, W．Lawrence．2006．Social Research Methods：Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches．6th ed．Allyn and Bacon.

Keen , Mike Forrest ．2004．Stalking Sociologists：J．Edgar Hoover's FBI Surveillance of American Sociology．New Brunswick：Transaction Publishers.

(Theory)

Patrick, Nolan and Gerhard Lenski．2004．Human Societies：An Introduction to Macrosociology．9thed．Paradigm Publisher.

Sanderson, Stephen K．and Arthur S Alderson．2005．World Societies：The Evolution of Human Social Life．Pearson.

Fligstein, Neil．2001．The Architecture of Markets ：An Economic Sociology of Twenty-First-Century Capitalist Societies．Princeton Univeristy Press.

Social Stratification

Li Yi．2005．The Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification．University Press of America.

(Degree Holder and Landlord)

Eberhard, Wolfram．1962．Social Mobility in Traditional China．Netherlands：E.J．Brill.

Ho, Ping-Ti．1962．The Ladder of Success in Imperial China：Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368-1911．Columbia University Press.

Marsh, Robert M．(1961) 1980．The Mandarins：The Circulation of Elites in China, 1600-1900．Free Press.

(Peasant)

Fei, Xiaotong．1992 (1947)．From the Soil：The Foundations of Chinese Society．University of California Press.

Wright, Daniel B．2003．The Promise of the Revolution：Stories of Fulfillment and Struggle in China’s Hinterland．Rowman & Littlefield.

Khan, Azizur Rahman and Carl Riskin．2001．Inequality and Poverty in China in the Age of Globalization．Oxford University Press.

(Worker)

Smith, S．A．2002．Like Cattle and Horses：Nationalism and Labor in Shanghai, 1895-1927．Duke University Press.

Honig, Emily．1986．Sisters and Strangers：Women in the Shanghai Cotton Mills, 1919 – 1949．Stanford University Press.

Hershatter, Gail．1986．The Workers of Tianjin, 1900 – 1949．Stanford University Press.

Solinger, Dorothy J．1999．Contesting Citizenship in Urban China：Peasant migrants, the state, and the logic of the market.University of California Press.

(Capitlaist)

Bergere, Marie-Claire．1989．The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie 1911-1937．Cambridge University Press.

Dickson, Bruce J．2003．Red Capitalists in China：The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change．Cambridge University Press.

Social Organization

Nolan, Peter．2001．China and the Global Business Revolution．Palgrave.

(Village)

Hinton, William．1997 (1966)．Fanshen：A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village．University of California Press.

Unger, Jonathan．2002．The Transformation of Rural China．M．E．Sharpe.

Potter, Sulamith Heins and Potter, Jack M．1990．China’s Peasants：The Anthropology of a Revolution．Cambridge University Press.

Huang Shu-min．1998．The Spiral Road：Change in a Chinese Village through the Eyes of a Communist Party Leader．2nd Edition.Westview Press.

Ruf, Gregory A．1998．Cadres and Kin：Making a Socialist Village in West China, 1921-1991．Stanford University Press.

Gao, Mobo．1999．Gao Village：A Portrait of Rural Life in Modern China．University of Hawaii Press.

Seybolt, Peter J．1996．Throwing the Emperor from His Horse：Portrait of a Village Leader in China, 1923-1995．Westview Press.

Gilley, Bruce．2001．Model Rebels：The Rise and Fall of China’s Richest Village．Uni versity of California Press.

Guildin, Gregory Eliyu．2001．What’s a Peasant to Do? Village Becoming Town in Southern China．Westview.

(Work Unit)

Frazier, Mark W．2002．The Making of the Chinese Industrial Workplace：State, Revolution, and Labor Management．Cambridge University Press.

OECD．2000．Reforming China’s Enterprises．OECD.

Lee, Ming-Kwan．2000．Chinese Occupational Welfare in Market Transition．St．Martin’s Press.

Lu, Xiaobo and Perry, Elizabeth J (eds.) 1997．Danwei：The changing Chinese workplace in historical and comparative perceptive.M.E．Sharpe.

(Rural Industries)

Chen, Hongyi．2000．The Institutional Transiton of China’s Township and Village Enerprises ：Markte Liberalization, Contratural From Inoonation and Privatization．Ashgate.

Oi, Jean C．1999．Rural China Takes Off：Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform．University of California Press.

Peng, Yusheng．2001．“Chinese Village and Townships as Industrial Corporations：Ownership, Governance, and Market Discipline.”American Journal of Sociology 106(5)：1338-70.

Whiting, Susan H．2001．Power and Wealth in Rural China：The Political Economy of Institutional Change．Cambridge University Press.

(Private Enterprises)

International Finance Corporation．2000．China’s Emerging Private Enterprises：Prospects for the New Century.

(Foreign Enterprises)

Luo, Yadong．2000．Multinational Corporations in China：Benefiting from Structural Transformation．Copenhagen Business School Press.

Social Security

Goodman, Roger et al．(eds.) 1998．The East Asian Welfare Model：Welfare Orientalism and the State．Routledge.

Chow, Nelson W.S．2000．Socialist Welfare with Chinese Characteristics：The Reform of the Social Security System in China.University of Hong Kong：Center of Asian Studies．.

Education

Elman, Benjamin A．2000．A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China．University of California Press.

Pepper, Suzanne．1996．Radicalism and Education Reform in 20th-Century China：The Search for an Ideal Development Model.Cambridge University Press.

Hayhoe, Ruth．1996．China’s Universities 1895-1995：A Century of Cultural Conflict．Garland Publishing.

Turner, Yvonne and Amy Acker．2002．Education in New China：Shaping Ideas at Work．Ashgate.

Seeberg, Vilma．2000．The Rhetoric and Reality of Mass Education in Mao’s China．The Edwin Mellen Press.

Han, Dongping．2000．The Unknown Cultural Revolution：Educational Reform and Their Impact on China’s Rural Development, 1976-1986．Routledge.

Family, Gender and Sex

Eberhard, Wolfram．1962．Social Mobility in Traditional China．Netherlands：E.J．Brill.

Huang, Philip C．C．1990．The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350 -1988．Stanford University Press.

Diamant, Neil J．2000．Revolutionizing the Family：Politics, Love, and Divorce in Urban and Rural China, 1949-1968．University of California Press

Yan, Yunxiang．2003．Private Life under Socialism：Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese Village, 1949-1999．Stanford University Press.

Fong, Vanessa L．2004．Only Hope：Coming of Age under China’s One-Child Policy．Stanford University Press.

Louie, Kam．2002．Theorizing Chinese Masculinity：Society and Gender in China．Cambridge University Press.

Bernhardt, Kathryn．1999．Women and Property in China, 960-1949．Stanford University Press.

Lee, Ching Kwan．1998．Gender and the South China Miracle：Two Worlds of Factory Women．University of California Press.

Goldin, Paul Rakita．2001．The Culture of Sex in Ancient China．University of Hawaii Press.

Sommer, Matthew H．2000．Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China．Stanford University Press.

Evans, Harriet．1997．Women and Sexuality in China：Female Sexuality and Gender Since 1949．Continuum.

Farquhar, Judith．2002．Appetites：Food and Sex in Post-Socialist China．Duke University Press.

Tales, Telling and Elaine Jeffrey．2004．China, Sex and Prostitution．Routledge.

Minorities and Religion

Di Cosmo，Nicola．2002．Ancient China and its Enemies：The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History．Cambridge University Press.

Knaus, John Kenneth．1999．Orphans of the Cold War：American and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival．PublicAffairs.

Goldstein, Melvyn C．1997．The Snow Lion and the Dragon：China, Tibet and the Dalai Lama．University of California Press.

Gillette, Maris Boyd．2000．Between Mecca and Beijing：Modernization and Consumption among Urban Chinese Muslims．Stanford University Press.

Rudelson, Justin Jon．1997．Oasis Identities：Uyghur Nationalism along China’s Silk Road．Columbia University Press.

Dillon, Michael．2004．Xinjiang – China’s Muslim Far Northwest．Routledge.

Spickard, James V．1998．“Ethnocentrism, Social Theory and Non-Western Sociologies of Religion：Toward a Confucian Alternative.” International Sociology 13(2)：173-194.

Hsu, Cho-Yun．2001．“Chinese Encounters with Other Civilizations.” International Sociology 16(3)：438-545.

The China Quarterly．Vol．174, June 2003．Special Issue：Religion in China Today

Urbanization

Xiong, Victor C．2000．Sui-Tang Chang’an：A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China．University of Michigan Press.

Heng, Chye Kiang．1999．Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats：The Development of Medieval Chinese Cityscapes．University of Hawaii Press.

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman．1990．Chinese Imperial City Planning．University of Hawaii Press.

Dong, Stella．2000．Shanghai：The Rise and Fall of a Decadent City．HarperCollins.

Broudehoux, Anne-Marie．2004．The Making and Selling of Post-Mao Beijing, 2nd Edition.Routledge.

Wasserstrom, Jeff．2004．Shanghai：Global City．Routledge.

Population and Environment

Wang, Gabe T．1999．China’s Population：Problems, Thoughts, and Policies．Ashgate.

Lee, James Z．and Wang, Feng．2000．One Quarter of Humanity：Malthusian Mythology and Chinese Realities．Harvard University Press.

Scharping, Thomas．2003．Birth Control in China 1949-2000：Population Policy and Demographic Development．Routledge.

Economy, Elizabeth C．2004．The River Runs Black：The Environmental Challenge to China's Future．Cornell University Press,

Social Control

Marsh, Rober M．2000．“Weber’s Misunderstanding of Traditional Chinese Law.” American Journal of Sociology, 106:281-302.

Qing Dynasty．The Great Qing Code．Translated by William C．Jones．1994．Oxford University Press.

MacCormack, Geoffrey．1996．The Spirit of Traditional Chinese Law．University of Georgia Press.

Ren, Xin．1997．Tradition of the Law and Law of the Tradition：Law, State, and Social Control in China．Greenwood Press.

Huang, Philip C．C．2001．Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China：The Qing and the Republic Compared．Stanford University Press.

Dikotter, Frank．2002．Crime, Punishment, and the Prison in Modern China, 1895-1949．Columbia University Press.

Chen, Labert H．Y．1998．An Introduction to the Legal System of the People’s Republic of China．Singapore：Butterworths Asia.

Peerenboom, Randall．2002．China’s Long March toward Rule of Law．Cambridge University Press.

Tian, Xiaowen and Vai Io Lo．2004．Law and Investment in China：The Legal and Business Environment after China’s WTO Accession．Routledge.

Social Movement

MacFarquhar, Roderick．The Origins of the Cultural Revolution．Columbia University Press.

1974．Volume I：Contradictions among the People 1956-1957.

1983．Volume II：The Great Leap Forward 1958-1960.

1997．Volume III：The Coming of the Cataclysm, 1961-1966.

Shoenhals, Michael (ed.)．1996．China’s Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969：Not a Dinner Party．M．E．Sharpe.

Oksenberg, Michel et al．(eds)．1990．Beijing Spring, 1989, Confrontation and Conflict：The Basic Documents．M．E．Sharpe.

Zhao, Dingxin．2001．The Power of Tiananmen：State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement．University of Chicago Press.

Perry, Elizabeth J．2001．Challenging the Mandate of Heaven：Social Pretest and State Power in China．M．E．Sharpe.

Taiwan Province

Wang, Gabe．2006．China and the Taiwan Issue：Incoming War at the Taiwan Strait．University Press of America.

Vogel, Ezra F．1991．The Four Little Dragons：The spread of industrialization in East Asia．Harvard University Press.

Bush , Richard C．2004, At Cross Purposes：U.S.-Taiwan Relations Since 1942.．M．E．Sharpe.

Taylor, Jay．2000．The Generalissimo’s Son：Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan．Harvard University Press.

Wang, Mei-ling．1999．The Dust That Never Settles：The Taiwan Independence Campaign and U.S.- China Relations．University Press of America.

Roy, Denny．2003．Taiwan：A Political History．Cornell University Press.

China in the World

Moore, Tomas．2002．China in the World Market．Cambridge University Press.

Wang, Dong．2005．China’s Unequal Treaties：Narrating National History．Rowman & Littlefield.

Rose, Caroline．2004．Sino-Japanese Relations：Towards a future-oriented diplomacy．Routledge.

Voskressenski, Alexei D．2003．Russia and China：A Theory of Inter-State Relations．Routledge.

Sidhu, Wahegure Pal Singh and Jing-dong Yuan．2003．China and India：Corporation or Conflict? Lynne Rienner.

Periodicals

Annual Review of Sociology

Contemporary Sociology

China Quarterly

Foreign Affairs

International Sociology

Journalist Works

Snow, Edgar．(1938) 1993．Red Star over China．Grove Press.

Salisbury, Harrison E．1985．The Long March：The Untold Story．Harper & Row.

Snow, Edgar．1970．Red China Today：The Other Side of the River．Random House.

Salisbury, Harrison E．1992．The New Emperors：China in the Era of Mao and Deng．Little, Brown and Company.

Tyler, Patrick．1999．A Great Wall：Six Presidents and China, An Investigation History．Public Affairs.

Fishman, Ted C．2005．China, Inc.：How the Rise of the Next Superpower Challenges America and the World．New York：Scribner.

Table of Contents

定量研究

定性研究

级别

文职

军职

来源：中国干部统计50年，1949-1998，3。

表3-2 中国社会分层 1959年之后

初级职称

Table of Contents

定量研究

定性研究

级别

文职

军职

来源：中国干部统计50年，1949-1998，3。

表3-2 中国社会分层 1959年之后

初级职称

第八节　未来中国社会分层前瞻这是最后一篇